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• W2613864261 abstract "Abstract Unlike most quantitative optical measurement techniques, x-ray-radiography is not restricted by multiple scattering effects, and it has been demonstrated in recent years that the mass distribution in a Diesel spray can be deduced from the measured extinction of a monochromatic x-ray beam, even in the dense near-nozzle region. In prior applications of the technique, single- or three-hole research nozzles were generally used, and data evaluation was almost exclu-sively based on radiography measurements. In this paper, the first application involving standard, 5-hole production-type passenger car nozzles is reported, and the radiography results are complemented by a comprehensive set of high-quality optical spray images. The combination of the two techniques leads to a very thorough description of the sprays and is used to investigate the influence of gas density on the spray properties. Introduction The injection system of a modern Diesel engine plays an important role regarding the fuel/air mixture prepara-tion, and hence on power, fuel consumption and emissions [1]. At the current high level of engine development, further improvements can only be based on a detailed understanding of all the processes involved in the atomization of the fuel jet and its subsequent evaporation and combustion. However, current models of the internal structure of high-pressure Diesel sprays are still speculative, reflecting the limited amount of available reliable experimental data [2]. Studies of fuel sprays typically rely on non-intrusive optical measurement techniques, but in the dense primary break-up region close to the nozzle outlet, the spray core is generally surrounded by a cloud of small droplets that is opaque to visible light. Information obtained from most optical measurement techniques is thus restricted to the spray periphery which, however, contains only a small fraction of the total fuel mass. In the x-ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum, absorption replaces elastic scattering as the dominant interac-tion mechanism between fuel parcels and incoming photons. Since the attenuation of a monochromatic x-ray beam does not depend on the exact shape of the spray, but only on the total fuel mass contained within the beam path, x-ray radiography can be used to map the mass distribution in the spray, even in the dense near nozzle region. Several applications of this technique have been reported by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and collaborators, with spray characteristics such as local fuel density, droplet accumulation at the spray tip and different definitions of jet velocities being investigated [3-6]. Diesel spray research still relies heavily on knowledge gained from experiments where custom made nozzles with single axial holes are used and the fuel is injected into a gas at ambient atmospheric pressure. However, pro-duction-type multi-hole nozzles are characterized by a sharp bend in the fuel flow and by injections into extremely dense atmospheres. It is thus questionable whether the same break-up mechanisms are dominant in these different types of experiments. As it is still relatively straightforward to obtain the necessary unobstructed “optical” access to the spray under investigation using three-hole nozzles, and as they have a very similar layout to production-type nozzles (where 5-10 spray holes are typical), three-hole nozzles are often considered to be good substitutes for pro-duction-type nozzles, and have been used previously for measurements of the mass distribution in the spray [7]. Similar experiments with a higher number of spray holes are much more challenging. One possibility is to deflect neighboring sprays away from the field of view using nozzle caps [8]. This approach has been followed by Ramirez et al. for a heavy-duty injection system [9], but it could not be ruled out that there was an accumulation of minor fuel quantities from the unobserved spray plumes near the outlet of the spray hole under investigation." @default.
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• W2613864261 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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• W2613864261 title "X-Ray Measurements of Mass Distributions in the Near-Nozzle Region of Sprays from Standard Multi-Hole Common-Rail Diesel Injection Systems" @default.
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