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• W2614232718 abstract "IntroductionAlthough the concept of race has been around for centuries, it became scientifically important in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this period, which historians call the age of science and enlightenment, humans began to create naturalistic or explanations for what goes in the world. Prior to this time, the behaviour of stars, weather, and human behaviour was largely explained by god, religion, and what we would call otherworldly or supernatural explanations (Gossett, 1963). With the rise of science, humans started explaining the earth, moon, stars, and other natural phenomena through observation and study, that is, through the method. The typology and classification of humans into subgroups based on race seemed to follow the logic of the typology and classification of plants and other animal life. Although Charles Darwin's Origins of Species specifically described plants and nonhuman life forms, the notion of evolution and of inferior and superior forms of life were applied to the human social realm. This became known as social Darwinism: races were not only placed in typologies and classification schemes, but they were also ordered from inferior to superior (Gossett, 1963).When White men discovered the Americas, they found Indigenous peoples in what are now Canada, the United States, Mexico, and South America. Indigenous people differed from the European explorers in terms of culture -language, laws, religion, politics, family, and other social institutions. The massacres and seizure of lands were much more politically and socially acceptable to majority groups when it could be justified on the basis of innate inferiority. That is, if Indigenous peoples were viewed as inferior races and cultures, it became white man's burden to civilize them. This was particularly important for the Empire, which moved from relative obscurity as a nation in the 16th century, to the largest world power in the 18th and 19th centuries, colonizing a large part of the world, including Asia and the Americas. The crown was largely influenced by the Christian faith. Religious objections to op-pressing non-Whites, however, could be quieted by pointing out the scientific evidence. This racism -the assumption of physical, moral, intellectual, and social superiority and inferiority based on characteristics presumed to be ascribed -became very important in the Empire and its colonies, including those in the United States and Canada. The were the first to practice large-scale enslavement of Africans for financial gain; such slavery and racism became particularly important for the North American colonies, specifically the United States, where slavery became a major basis of the economy and was protected by the Constitution (Bell, 2000). Of course notions of race became important for the Canadian state, particularly through the Indian (Satzewichk & Liodakis, 2013). However, Campbell (2015) argues through extensive review of laws and legal cases that the meaning of British justice in colonial Canada was largely color blind, not following the United States with legal apartheid. This changed with the Indian Act setting up legal apartheid, which exists today (Monchalin, 2016).The historical definition of race is quite different from that which exists today. Formerly, there was Nordic, Jewish, German, Italian, Polish, and other races. Today, we call them ethnic groups. If we look at the definition of race today, the census and other statistics that reveal race has come to mean largely skin pigmentation. Of course, there is still a great deal of ambiguity about the actual definition of race, in terms of an example, people of Hispanic origin have differing skin pigmentations and may have different cultures in terms of languages, religions, and so on. As a leading Canadian text 'Race and Ethnicity in Canada: A Critical Introduction' concludes the terms ethnicity and race are historically specific, with race being an irrational way of dividing human populations into groups based on physical characteristics (Satzewichk & Liodakis, 2013). …" @default.
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• W2614232718 date "2016-07-01" @default.
• W2614232718 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2614232718 title "Race and Criminal Justice in Canada" @default.
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