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• W2614669943 abstract "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood behavioural disorder. Systematic reviews indicate that the community prevalence globally is between 2% and 7%, with an average of around 5%. At least a further 5% of children have substantial difficulties with overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are just under the threshold to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Estimates of the administrative prevalence (clinically diagnosed or recorded) vary worldwide, and have been increasing over time. However, ADHD is still relatively under-recognised and underdiagnosed in most countries, particularly in girls and older children. ADHD often persists into adulthood and is a risk factor for other mental health disorders and negative outcomes, including educational underachievement, difficulties with employment and relationships, and criminality. The timely recognition and treatment of children with ADHD-type difficulties provides an opportunity to improve long-term outcomes. This Review includes a systematic review of the community and administrative prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents, an overview of barriers to accessing care, a description of associated costs, and a discussion of evidence-based pathways for the delivery of clinical care, including a focus on key issues for two specific age groups—younger children (aged ≤6 years) and adolescents requiring transition of care from child to adult services. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood behavioural disorder. Systematic reviews indicate that the community prevalence globally is between 2% and 7%, with an average of around 5%. At least a further 5% of children have substantial difficulties with overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are just under the threshold to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Estimates of the administrative prevalence (clinically diagnosed or recorded) vary worldwide, and have been increasing over time. However, ADHD is still relatively under-recognised and underdiagnosed in most countries, particularly in girls and older children. ADHD often persists into adulthood and is a risk factor for other mental health disorders and negative outcomes, including educational underachievement, difficulties with employment and relationships, and criminality. The timely recognition and treatment of children with ADHD-type difficulties provides an opportunity to improve long-term outcomes. This Review includes a systematic review of the community and administrative prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents, an overview of barriers to accessing care, a description of associated costs, and a discussion of evidence-based pathways for the delivery of clinical care, including a focus on key issues for two specific age groups—younger children (aged ≤6 years) and adolescents requiring transition of care from child to adult services. Barriers to medication entitlements after diagnosis of ADHD – Authors' replyWe thank John Hayden and colleagues for their helpful comments on our paper.1 We are also pleased that a resolution was found in Ireland for the particular problem that had been limiting access to care for those with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We agree that it is important to consider and address barriers to care that might exist post-diagnosis and thank them for highlighting this issue. There is considerable variation in the way that reimbursement for medications is handled within different health-care systems as well as disparity in how rules are applied for different disorders. Full-Text PDF Barriers to medication entitlements after diagnosis of ADHDKapil Sayal and colleagues1 recently reviewed the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and young people, care pathways, and service provision. Community prevalence is estimated to be within the range of 2·2–7·2%. Although estimates have remained stable over the past three decades, prescription rates have dramatically increased. This increase has been attributed to better awareness, improved treatment access in countries where under-diagnosis has been an issue, or perhaps emergent over-diagnosis in others. Full-Text PDF Medication accessibility after diagnosis of ADHD in Croatia – Authors' replyWe welcome Tomislav Franić and Katarina Dodig Ćurković's contribution to the discussion about access to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication, including their views on complex administration, stigma, and public fear of abuse. Challenges in accessing ADHD services are complex and multifactorial.1 In our previous Correspondence2 regarding a Review by Kapil Sayal and colleagues1 on ADHD in children and young people, we sought to highlight an additional barrier (medication access after diagnosis), citing cases in Ireland and Croatia. Full-Text PDF" @default.
• W2614669943 created "2017-05-26" @default.
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• W2614669943 date "2018-02-01" @default.
• W2614669943 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2614669943 title "ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision" @default.
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