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• W2615168998 abstract "I. THE CRITERION FOR ATTRIBUTION ESTABLISHED IN ARTICLE 5 OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION'S DRAFT ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITYAccording to the criterion for attribution established in article 5 of the International Law Commission's (ILC) Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Wrongful Acts (2001 ILC Draft), a State is internationally responsible for the conduct of entities empowered to exercise elements of the governmental authority.1 The proliferation of autonomous entities within the State favored including the criterion for attribution in the ILC's work in 1974. Indeed, taking the non-absolute nature of article 5 of the draft adopted in first reading as a starting point,2 Rapporteur Roberto Ago, who was devoted to the attributing to the State of conduct of its own organs, deemed it necessary to refer to other acts that could be attributed to the State as a potential source of international responsibility when behavior of individuals or groups could not be strictly classified as state organs under domestic law. This led the Commission to adopt the attribution criteria contained in article 7 of the ILC Draft 1996 at its twenty-sixth session. Specifically, this provision stated that:1. The conduct of an of a territorial governmental entity within a State shall also be considered as an act of that State under international law, provided that was acting in that capacity in the case in question.2. The conduct of an of an entity which is not part of the formal structure of the State or of a territorial governmental entity, but which is empowered by the internal law of that State to exercise elements of the governmental authority, shall also be considered as an act of the State under international law, provided that was acting in that capacity in the case in question.3Specifically, Rapporteur Ago was referring to the actions and omissions of organs of public institutions different from the State, which he classified into two major categories.4 On the one hand, there are public establishments and other public institutions with their own personality that have autonomous leadership and management and whose mission was to provide a certain service or exercise certain functions. On the other hand, there are public territorial communities that are characterized by a general public activity but developed at the local or regional level, which later were integrated under the expression organ for the purposes of the attribution of conduct to the State.5The need to address these public institutions' acts from the State Responsibility point of view resulted from the increasing formation and proliferation of these public establishment at that time.6 Despite a clearly public mission, these institutions possessed a different personality from a domestic law perspective, had its own organization separate from the State, and were subject to a sui generis legal regime in their activities that is covert for some public law matters and for some private law matters.7 In short, although these institutions had their own organization, they provided services and performed duties of a public nature. According to the Commission and relevant State practice in these cases, the principle of state unity would justify the attribution criterion from an international perspective.8Nevertheless, due to the novelty of the phenomenon in the 1970s, few precedents and opinions existed to confirm this phenomenon. Some scholars considered the nature of the function assumed was the decisive element in this criterion, not the exercise of the functions by State or non-state bodies.9 That is, the criterion for determining this type of entity should be the common feature that characterizes them: being empowered to exercise certain functions pertaining to those exercised by State organs.10 Moreover, as Rapporteur Ago pointed out, a different solution would be illogical and even unrealistic because the distribution of public functions between the State itself and other entities previously reflected an organizational technique that varies from one system to another, whereas an act or omission carried out in performing the same, single public service could be considered a state act in some cases and not others from the international law perspective. …" @default.
• W2615168998 created "2017-05-26" @default.
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• W2615168998 date "2015-08-10" @default.
• W2615168998 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2615168998 title "The Privatization of the Use of Force Meets the Law of State Responsibility" @default.
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