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• W2615707256 abstract "Introduction Maternal and neonatal mortality have barely declined in past two decades. most recent estimates indicating that about 536 000 women die every year from pregnancy-related causes demonstrate that, at global level, maternal mortality has decreased at less than 1% annually between 1990 and 2005. (1) This is far below 5.5% annual decline necessary to achieve Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of improving women's health by reducing maternal mortality. Ninety-nine percent of these deaths occur in developing countries. Likewise, even as under-five and infant mortality rates have dropped considerably in many developing countries, rates for neonates (infants in first 4 weeks of life) and, in particular, early neonatal mortality (infants in first week of life) have declined much more slowly and in some regions have remained static. (2) An estimated 4 million babies die during their first 4 weeks, of which 3 million die in first week. (3) Maternal and neonatal health are central for MDGs, global roadmap for eradicating poverty and improving human well-being by year 2015. (4) While right of parents to determine freely and responsibly number and spacing of their children was first articulated in 1968 UN International Conference on Human Rights, right of women to go through pregnancy and childbirth safely was first made explicit only in 1994 as part of Programme of Action of UN International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). definition of reproductive health included the right of access to appropriate health-care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with best chance of having a healthy infant. (5) Subsequently, three organizations--WHO, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) declared that: The right to life is a fundamental human right, implying not only right to protection against arbitrary execution by state but also obligations of governments to foster conditions essential for life and survival. Human rights are universal and must be applied without discrimination on any grounds whatsoever, including sex. For women, human rights include access to services that will ensure safe pregnancy and childbirth. (6) These commitments were built upon a foundation laid by authoritative sources. For example, UN Human Rights Committee, which monitors implementation of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, had previously confirmed that, in international law, right to life not only applies to ensuring that capital punishment is not imposed in an arbitrary way but also requires that States adopt positive measures to ensure survival and development. (7) In 2000, Committee elaborated its General Comment 28 on equality of rights between men and women which, among other things, requires States to report their progress and to provide data on birth rates and on pregnancy and childbirth-related deaths of women. (8) Human rights are used by international organizations, governments, nongovernmental organizations, civil society groups and individuals in their work with respect to health in many different ways. These can broadly be categorized as: advocacy, application of legal standards, and programming, including service delivery. Some use one approach while others apply a combination in their work. (9-12) To understand historical context which shaped rationale and approach of linking health and human rights to improving maternal and neonatal health, we summarize how maternal mortality in developing world came to be seen as a public-health concern, a human rights concern, and ultimately as both, leading to development of approaches using human rights concepts and methods. Historical trends For most women living in industrialized countries, experience of death and/or severe injury during childbirth is remote, both statistically and historically. …" @default.
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• W2615707256 date "2008-08-01" @default.
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• W2615707256 title "Using Human Rights to Improve Maternal and Neonatal Health: History, Connections and a Proposed Practical approach/Recours Aux Droits De L'homme Pour Ameliorer la Sante Maternelle et Neonatale : Historique, Liens et Proposition D'approche pratique/Uso De Los Derechos Humanos Para Mejorar la Salud De la Madre Y del Recien Nacido: Antecedentes, Vinculos Y Posible Enfoque Practico" @default.
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