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- W2617386867 abstract "Indonesia, as one of the biggest palm oil producers and exporters in the world, is producing large amounts of low-grade oil such as sludge palm oil (SPO) from palm oil industries. The use of SPO can lower the cost of biodiesel production significantly, which makes SPO a highly potential alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. In this paper, the esterification of free fatty acid on sludge palm oil was studied using rice husk ash as heterogeneous solid catalysts. Heterogeneous solid catalysts offer significant advantages of eliminating separation, corrosion, toxicity and environmental problems. In this paper the esterification of SPO, a by-product from palm oil industry, in the presence of modified rice husk ash catalysts was studied. The rice husk ash catalysts were synthesized by impregnating of Zirconia (Zr) on rice husk ash followed by sulfonation. The rice husk ash catalysts were characterized by using different techniques, such as FT-IR, XRD, and porous analysis. The effects of the mass ratio of catalyst to oil (1 – 10%), the molar ratio of methanol to oil (4:1 – 10:1), and the reaction temperature (40 – 60°C) were studied for the conversion of free fatty acids (FFAs) to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that the optimal conditions were an methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1, the amount of catalyst of 10%w, and reaction temperature of 60°C." @default.
- W2617386867 created "2017-06-05" @default.
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- W2617386867 date "2017-01-01" @default.
- W2617386867 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2617386867 title "Esterification free fatty acid in sludge palm oil using ZrO2/SO42− – rice husk ash catalyst" @default.
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- W2617386867 doi "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4982275" @default.
- W2617386867 hasPublicationYear "2017" @default.
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