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• W2618362833 abstract "Relative permeability is of fundamental importance to understand and model the flow ofhydrocarbons and water in porous rocks including coal, and thus relative permeability is critical inprediction of commercial gas and water production rates from coal seam gas (CSG) reservoirs.Despite relative permeability being a primary parameter for determining reservoir performance, thefundamental physics of how or where water may occlude or block cleats in a coal seam, and therebyinterfere with gas production rates, is not fully understood. This project aims to improve theunderstanding of water occlusion in CSG reservoirs through fluid experiments with model coal cleatsand to evaluate the potential impact of water occlusion of reservoir performance.The aim of this thesis is to develop a new experimental methodology that can be used identify themain control factors that affect wettability in coal. There are two key objectives to satisfy the thesisaim 1) develop methods to make artificial channels in coal and 2) create a world first microfluidicdevice that assess micro scale flow through coal cleats, known as the cleat flow cell (CFC). The initialfeatures to be evaluated will include: lithotype, surface roughness, surface composition, specificallychemical functional groups and pressure.The first experimental chapter (Chapter Four) evaluates five different experimental methodologiesdeveloped to create artificial micro cleats (20-40 µm) to replicate in situ coal cleat characteristics,such as: width, depth, chemical and physical properties. A single channel was made in polished coalfrom five different open Bowen Basin coal mines, Isaac Plains North (IPN), Oaky Creek (OAK),Moorvale (MVL), Coppabella South (COP.S), and Coppabella East (COP.E) with a rank indicatorRmax% 0.98 - 1.91 %. The techniques to create the channel included: reactive ion etching (RIE) inoxygen plasma with a photolithography process to make the desired pattern on coal surface, UV Laserablation, mechanical machining, a mechanical scratch technique, and a chemical etching techniquethat used potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Characteristics of the artificial channels were assessedusing a surface step profiler, scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy and lightmicroscopy. A sixth methodology to create an artificial channel using pressed coal powder was alsoused as a means of evaluating the influence of the surface chemistry on the wetting behaviour, withoutthe interference of surface topography.In Chapter Five, I report the effect of rank and lithotype on the wettability of coal in microfluidicexperiments in two types of artificial microchannels; (1) reactive ion etched (RIE) channels and (2)die-cast channels prepared by pressing powdered lithotype concentrates. Contact angles and entrypressures of air and water in the artificial cleats were measured in imbibition experiments performed with a CFC. The relative contact angles measured in CFC imbibition experiments were in the range110 -140° in the RIE channels and 85°-115° in the pressed discs, which are larger contact angles thanmeasured on the flat bulk surfaces of these samples by the conventional sessile drop technique (58°-85°). The CFC observations show that the surface roughness of coal in inertinite-rich dull bandseffects contact angle and the entry pressure of the air-water interface differently to the vitrinite-richbright bands, with both lithotypes presenting unique wetting states. Drainage experiments revealed athin residual water film on the inertinite cleat wall, not observed on the smoother vitrinite channel.The experimental observations are used to present a modified Cassie Equation model to predict coalcontact angles based on the fractions of dull and bright bands, surface mineral content, and surfaceroughness.In Chapter Six, I report the effect of five surface treatments on pressed coal discs: three 1 wt %nanoparticle solutions of MgO, SiO2, and Al2O3 and two chemical solutions, a 15 vol.% hydrogenperoxide and 2 wt.% Silicad® solution. Contact angles were measured using conventional sessiledrop technique and drainage experiments were performed using the CFC instrument. Relative contactangles on the treated samples varied based on treatment, compared to an untreated sample referencecoal. Analysis of sessile drop results demonstrated that the 2% Siliclad® solution displayed the largestrelative contact angle range (121 -136°) compared to the reference cell (104-84°) meaning that theSiliclad treated coal surface had become more hydrophobic. Conversely, the 15% vol. hydrogenperoxide treatment indicated a more hydrophilic surface was generated with contact angles between30 -40o. The 1% vol. MgO and SiO2 treatments exhibited a decrease in contact angle (~30 -50o), yet Al2O3 did not show any measurable change in angle. Subsequent CFC imbibition resultsdemonstrated that the nanoparticles treatments were not effective in the cleat as the contact angleswere inconsistent, yet the Siliclad and hydrogen peroxide treatments reflected similar contact angleresults to the sessile drop values. Drainage experiments clearly showed the Siliclad treated sampleswere hydrophobic, with no residual film present, while hydrogen peroxide treated channel had a thickresidual water film. Based on these results H2O2 and Siliclad were selected to treat a packed bed coalcore. These cores were used to measure the influence that surface wettability has on the relativepermeability of the cores using the steady state method, with the hydrogen peroxide treatment shiftingthe gas and water permeability curve crossover point to the right and the Siliclad treatment shiftingto the left (compared to the untreated sample).This study has provided valuable insight into the wetting behaviours of coal lithotypes and the effectthis has on gas-liquid flow through microchannels in coal. The results of this thesis provide the basisto consider an improved relative permeability model that explicitly accounts for the effect of coallithotype and the unique flow regimes that are generated based on surface wettability." @default.
• W2618362833 created "2017-06-05" @default.
• W2618362833 creator A5052101689 @default.
• W2618362833 date "2017-03-29" @default.
• W2618362833 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2618362833 title "The Effect of Water Occlusion on Gas Production in Coal" @default.
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