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- W2620634392 abstract "Reverse osmosis with polyamide spiral wound membranes is used to concentrate milk to reduce its mass before transport to processing facilities. The apparent fouling of membranes was tested on a flat-sheet cross-flow laboratory system. The influence of composition was determined by measuring flux and the FTIR spectra of the membranes. At the same time a membrane that had been used industrially was tested in a similar manner. It was found that the fouling characteristics of laboratory fouled membranes were entirely different from the used membrane. The laboratory membranes could be restored to a high flux with a regime of water flushing, caustic and acid. FTIR showed no significant build-up on the membrane. In contrast, the used membrane could not be cleaned in this manner, it had a significantly higher water flux in the reverse direction than the forward direction, and FTIR showed species associated with milk lipids. Cleaning by solvent extraction using a two-phase mixture of water, isopropanol and cyclohexane gave a significant improvement in flux. FTIR results showed a clear correlation between the lipid spectral peaks and flux before and after cleaning. Analysis of the solvent-extracted material indicated the presence of phospholipids with a relatively higher concentration of sphingomyelin. Alternative cleaning regimes with lipase and urea were unsuccessful. It is hypothesised that some of the lipids are able to bind to the polyamide surface of the membrane." @default.
- W2620634392 created "2017-06-09" @default.
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- W2620634392 date "2015-01-01" @default.
- W2620634392 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2620634392 title "Fouling of reverse osmosis membranes used to concentrate milk" @default.
- W2620634392 hasPublicationYear "2015" @default.
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