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• W262560792 abstract "Technoglobalism, Japan's policy of opening up government R&D projects to foreign participation, is beginning to succeed. In January, several non-Japanese companies, including U.S. semiconductor manufacturers Texas Instruments and Motorola, and the Japanese subsidiary of Du Pont, were planning to join a consortium of over 40 Japanese companies in a project to develop technology for manipulating materials at the atomic level. The project, called ultimate manipulation of atoms and molecules, is just one example of growing foreign participation in Japanese government projects. Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) launched technoglobalism in 1990 to counteract what it perceived as technonationalism in the United States, or in other words, U.S. efforts to protect its technology from exploitation by foreign countries, such as Japan. At first, few foreign companies showed interest in joining MITI's national projects, but in December MITI's Agency of Industrial Science and Technology revealed that about a dozen U.S., European and Australian companies and research organizations were participating in the ministry's large-scale (ogata) and next-generation (jisedai) projects for development of new technology. The first major participation of foreign companies came in 1991 when four U.S. and European aerospace firms--Rolls Royce, United Technologies' Pratt and Whitney, General Electric, and SNECMA--joined a $210 million ogata project to develop a turbofan/ramjet for hypersonic transport. Several hurdles had to be overcome before these companies could participate. The U.S. companies were particularly concerned about protecting their intellectual property rights (IPR), and, according to one European participant, were constantly looking over their shoulder to the U.S. Congress for fear of criticism for joining a Japanese national project. In the West, IPR arising from government projects can usually be exploited by participating companies, but in Japan such rights are traditionally held by the government. MITI had to rewrite Japan's laws to allow foreign companies to retain control of IPR. Another problem concerned organization of the project. MITI projects are typically run by a research consortium (kumiai) which then negotiates with MITI as a single group. But the Western aerospace companies wanted to deal with MITI individually, and so the ministry had to establish a special intermediary committee to act as a go-between with the foreign participants. …" @default.
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• W262560792 title "U.S. Firms Joining Japanese National Consortia for Aerospace, Energy, and Materials Research" @default.
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