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• W2626133098 abstract "ABSTRACT Critics have long decried the Fourth Amendment's lack of an adequate remedy to secure its compliance. Neither the exclusionary rule nor the threat of civil liability deters police misconduct, leaving scholars to cast about for alternative measures. The emphasis on penalties, however, overlooks a different problem: detection. Because of policing's fast-paced nature, even so-called flagrant Fourth Amendment violations trigger insufficient liability due to low probabilities of detection. This Article addresses this problem by drawing on the Pigouvian tax literature. The Pigouvian tax-sometimes referred to as a tax-is a pricing instrument imposed by regulators in an amount equal to the expected harm manufacturers or individuals impose on others. Like strict liability, the tax forces an actor to internalize the costs of her activity. How well might a Pigouvian tax scheme curtail Fourth Amendment violations-particularly intentional ones? How much better off would society be, if, in addition to the remedial systems already in place, it devised an additional system, informed by the vast literature on corrective taxes and pricing? This Article seeks to answer these questions by imagining a scheme that charges local police departments an annual fee reflecting (a) their annual volume of search activity; (b) the risk that such activity includes and conceals purposeful misconduct; and (c) the harm arising out of such misconduct. The Article further analyzes the various challenges likely to arise in both the design and implementation of such a scheme. A pricing approach is no panacea for all that ails the Fourth Amendment, but it is a potent tool that policymakers would be foolish to ignore. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE FOURTH AMENDMENT'S DETECTION PROBLEM A. Standard Criticisms: Too Narrow, Too Weak B. The Less Discussed Problem: Detection C. Detection's Implications II. THE TURN TO PRICING A. Taxation's Advantages 1. Information 2. Timing 3. Detection B. Taxation's Disadvantages 1. Politics 2. Variance 3. Enforcement C. A Pigouvian Fourth Amendment? III. PRICING THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: THE PROPOSAL A. The Proposal B. Design Challenge I: Scope 1. Type of Violation and Culpability 2. Policing Activities 3. Law Enforcement Agencies and Law Enforcement Officials C. Design Challenge II: Specialization D. The Scheme's Benefits IV. PRICING THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: CHALLENGES A. Authority to Price 1. The Remedial Rule 2. The Priority Rule B. Enforcement C. Indifference D. Distributive Concerns E. Expressive Effects CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION The Fourth Amendment promotes a venerable array of rights, (1) but the remedies that purport to protect them leave much to be desired. (2) The exclusionary rule applies to too little police misconduct, and even then, only to that which occurs within the context of a criminal case. (3) For constitutional tort claims arising under 42 U.S.C. [section] 1983, qualified immunity doctrines shield individual police officers from liability. (4) Parsimonious theories of group liability render municipalities and police departments insufficiently unaccountable, (5) and citywide indemnification programs ensure that individual police officers rarely, if ever, personally pay for their misconduct. (6) Throughout the past decade, partially in response to tragedies involving fatal and excessive uses of force, (7) policing reform has gathered increasing support. (8) Change, most everyone seems to agree, is needed, as demonstrated by President Obama's much heralded assembly of his Task Force on 21st Century Policing. (9) Scholars have argued for a bolder and more effective exclusionary rule; (10) urged courts to reinvigorate the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement; (11) and advocated the adoption of technological, (12) statutory, (13) and administrative tools (14) to more effectively regulate the police. …" @default.
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• W2626133098 date "2017-04-25" @default.
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• W2626133098 title "Pricing the Fourth Amendment" @default.
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