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- W26648614 abstract "Acute toxicities of formulated glyphosate (Roundup®) in binary mixtures with 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and phenol were determined based on inhibition of 2-(p-Iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT)-dehydrogenase activity in Rhizobium species. The phenolic compound: glyphosate mixture ratios (%) were 100:0, 20:80, 50:50, 60:40, 20:80 and 0:100 for the respective mixtures in the concentration range of 0 - 5000 mg/l. The effective doses (ICps) were estimated using hormetic dose-response model. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the formulated glyphosate, phenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were 661.614 ± 33.234 mg/l, 1064.190 ± 87.286 mg/l, 158.884 ± 8.185 mg/l and 46.378 ± 2.504 mg/l respectively. The joint action toxicity of the mixtures on test organism was evaluated with isobolographic representations and toxicity index (TI) model. The isobole analysis indicated additive interaction between glyphosate and phenol. With the exception of 20:80 of 2,4-dichlorophenol:glyphosate mixture ratio that was synergistic, other ratios of the mixture were additive. A synergistic (especially 20:80 4-CP:glyphosate mixture) and additive interaction was observed for some ratios of glyphosate and 4-chlorophenol mixtures. However, the TI of most isoboles are within the range of 0.5 - 2.0 and are considered additive. Synergistic and additive interaction of formulated glyphosate with intermediates of 2,4-D was possible against the dehydrogenase activity of Rhizobium species, an important soil bacterium. The dynamics of the toxic effects thus would depend on the relative amounts of these compounds." @default.
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- W26648614 date "2014-01-01" @default.
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- W26648614 title "Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Formulated Glyphosate and Phenols to Rhizobium Species Dehydrogenase Activity" @default.
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