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- W26737332 abstract "Abstract This retrospective study examined the long-term effects of DARE by assessing substance use among undergraduates (N=630) attending a large public university in Ohio. Data were collected by an anonymous survey administered in a stratified random sample of undergraduate classes. The results revealed that among those respondents one to six years beyond high school, 62.5% had participated in DARE as a child or teenager, 30.6% had not participated in the program, and 6.7% were uncertain. Results from a multiple discriminant analysis found that after accounting for the effects of age, there were no substantial group differences in substance use. Participation in the DARE program during elementary school, middle school, or high school did not appear to deter subsequent use in the undergraduate years. These finding add to a growing literature that questions the efficacy of the DARE program. Discussion is directed to the possible consequences of DARE participation among those undergraduates who subsequently use tobacco, alcohol or other drugs. ********** Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) has rapidly diffused into the Nation s elementary school, middle schools, and high schools (Roger, 1995). The program is the widely used drug prevention in the United (Dusenbury, Falco & Lake, 1997, p. 128). Indeed, a 2000 survey of Ohio public school superintendents found that about 85% of the school districts in the state had implemented DARE (Thomas & Ray-Tomasek, in press). DARE is a school-based program taught by uniformed police officers. Originally, the program was delivery to the fifth and sixth graders, but now many school districts are participating in modified delivery approaches that target students at all grade levels and may include community events, school-wide assemblies, contests, and games (DARE America, 2001). Furthmore, DARE has revised its curriculum to encompass violence prevention and to focus more attention on tobacco. A great deal of money is spent to support DARE. In the federal Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1994, DARE is the most prominently mentioned prevention option. However, since the passage of this legislation, DARE must compete with other programs for government funding. Estimates of DARE annual costs (public and private) range from $153 million to $750 million, or more (Elliot, 1995). The grassroots nature of the program precludes definitive calculation of these costs. Unfortunately, a meta-analysis of eight, well-designed, outcome studies found that the program has no significant short-term effect on adolescent drug use (Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Flewelling, 1994), and a 10-year follow-up of DARE participants found that the program had no long-term effect on drug use (Lynam et al., 1999). In addition, many of the nation's major substance abuse organizations do not recommend DARE to school districts (Join Together 2001 Northeast Center for that Application of Prevention Technologies 2001), or do not identify is as a approach (Drug Strategies 1996). Recently, an expert panel convened by the United States Department of Education (2001 a) identified 9 exemplary and 33 promising school-based prevention programs, but did not include DARE on either list. Thus, the continuing popularity of DARE has emerged as a point of controversy in the national debate over drug control policy (Join Together, 2001; Drug Reform Coordination Network, 2001). The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the relationship between K-12 participation in DARE and subsequent use involvement in a sample of university students. The research question was: compared to undergraduates never exposed to the program, does DARE participation offer additional protection against substance use in later college years? Based on previous outcome studies (Ennett et al., 1994; Lynam et al., 1999), it was expected that there would be substantial difference between DARE and non-DARE participants on measures of substance use. …" @default.
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- W26737332 date "2000-09-01" @default.
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- W26737332 title "A Retrospective Study of DARE: Substantive Effects not Detected in Undergraduates." @default.
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