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• W267587777 abstract "IN A 1976 ARTICLE IN SCIENCE, JOHN S. GILMORE described the response of communities to mineral booms occurring in their midst. He identified succeeding stages of enthusiasm, uncertainty, near-panic, and problem solving.1 Union County, Arkansas, experienced all four of these phases ofter the discovery of oil there in January 1921. The sequence Gilmore described emphasized the impact of mineral booms on human lives more than on the non-human environment, however. The oil boom in southern Arkansas also created environmental problems that continued long after the original boom faded. These problems, and the lack of attention given them, exemplify attitudes that people living in the area developed toward the resources surrounding them-attitudes that, ironically, would ultimately limit the area's ability to produce petroleum. Two communities in Union County were particularly affected by the discovery of oil-El Dorado, the county seat, and Smackover. On January 10, 1921, well drilled by journeyman oilman Samuel T. Busey, which was visible from downtown El Dorado, blew in with force that changed Union County forever. El Dorado was transformed almost overnight from struggling farm and timber community of four thousand into a seething mass of conglomerate humanity in which diamonds and costly furs rubbed elbows with oil soaked khaki.2 The city soon became the destination of trains departing from as far away as New York, and they, along with Model T's, open touring cars, mule teams, and airplanes, brought up to fifty thousand souls to the newly discovered oil patch. Oil promoters, lease hounds, swindlers, beggars, prostitutes, experienced oil workers, and young men and women looking for life off the farm populated this kaleidoscopic community. The rush of population overwhelmed El Dorado, and, in the beginning, its housing, dining, education, transportation, and public safety facilities were grossly inadequate. Fires ravaged the city on several occasions, and crime ran rampant. El Dorado's civic and political leaders were at loss as to how to handle the situation at first, but eventually dealt with most of the problems that confronted them. They were aided in their efforts by the massive influx of capital drawn by the oil. In the span of just four years, El Dorado went from town where chaos reigned and only four roads were paved to cosmopolitan city filled with sprawling homes, thriving business community, modern conveniences (including indoor plumbing and electricity in most homes and businesses), and an active social calendar, which included everything from the Galli-Curci opera to an amusement park.3 The initial problems El Dorado experienced recurred just over year later in the tiny hamlet of Smackover, approximately fifteen miles to the north. On May 14, 1922, just south of town, the Murphy No. 1 well blew in with roar of epic proportions. The well's drill bit struck the apex of the Norphlet Dome, geologic structure that housed mammoth amounts of natural gas. Almost instantly, gas was released toward the surface of the earth, at an astonishing rate of 65 million cubic feet per day, destroying an eighty-four-foot derrick, trees, and anything else in its path. Red-hot sand blew up to 7,000 feet into the air and eventually covered the ground as far as ten miles away. A vast crater measuring about 450 feet across and 70 feet deep formed. It burned for months afterwards, spurting gas at different intervals and sending flames over thirty feet into the air.4 The scale and sensation of the crater was matched only by the discovery it signified. It was harbinger of the development of one of the world's largest oil and gas fields, and put Smackover on the map. The explosion of the Murphy No. 1 served as the catalyst for exploration elsewhere in the field, and on July 29, 1922, well drilled by team of investors headed up by local lumberman Sid Umsted and the VKF Drilling Company of Shreveport, Louisiana, discovered crude in what would soon be known as the Smackover field. …" @default.
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• W267587777 date "2001-04-01" @default.
• W267587777 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W267587777 title "A Changing Landscape: Environmental Conditions and Consequences of the 1920s Union County Oil Booms" @default.
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