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• W2679370611 abstract "During the initial stages of the Congo Free State (1885-1908), forerunner of the Belgian Congo, an impressive coastal battery with big caliber naval guns was installed just upstream of the capital Boma. Built on rocky heights overlooking the Congo river estuary, it was meant to protect the city against the threat of enemy gunboats and amphibious landings by rivaling colonial powers. From the very beginning, the situation of the battery raised doubts on its strategic relevance and its military architectural defaults were soon exposed. In the slipstream of the arms race between artillery and fortification technology at the turn of the 20th century and inspired by the zeal of major fortification programs in the Belgian metropole, it was soon decided to convert the open redan-shaped battery in brick masonry into a closed polygonal concrete fortress. After the First World War (during which the big caliber guns were stripped to serve in the war theatre of Lake Tanganyika) the fort was declassified and served as barracks and military prison until at least the 1990s. Primary sources on the history of Fort Shinkakasa and its layout are quite scarce (the archives of the former Congo Free State were mostly destroyed when it was transformed into Belgian Congo) and scattered over the African Archives at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Brussels (plan fragments and administrative documents), the archives of the Royal Museum of Africa in Tervuren (images and personal files), the archives of the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History in Brussels (images), and the archives of the Royal Palace in Brussels (correspondence). Secondary literature is limited, but often provides often useful descriptive information or first-hand eye witness reports of the construction.Based on those archival fragments, an attempt is made to reconstruct a plan of the fort and its successive modifications. This search reveals not only an insight into the difficult – if not problematic – construction history of the fort and the early use of concrete technology in the tropics, but also frames Fort Shinkakasa in the context of colonial architecture, social conflict and rebellion in the Free State, and fortification typology and history." @default.
• W2679370611 created "2017-06-30" @default.
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• W2679370611 date "2016-01-01" @default.
• W2679370611 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2679370611 title "Piecing together Fort Shinkakasa" @default.
• W2679370611 hasPublicationYear "2016" @default.
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