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• W268779169 abstract "Birth a creative act has always occupied a place of significance in human culture. events of childbirth have been sacred to most cultures [bringing us] closer to the meaning of existence than to our day to day routine. (14:380) The social conditions determining the context of birth also serve to determine its meaning and function in a given culture. The woman in travail has always been wrapped round with varying degrees of mystery, control and power politics. In the earliest historical cultures, childbirth was a woman's realm, attended and interpreted by women alone. As patriarchal society began to take over, control of women's reproductive lives and their sexuality was determined more and more by male authorities, even the nature and meaning of giving birth. A woman's primary rite of passage in birth became sterile-literally and figuratively-as it came under control of medical patriarchy, to be replaced by [profitable] external events celebrated with intoxicants or vicarious experience. (14:380) In North America today, most women think that giving birth is difficult and dangerous, too difficult without extensive technology and pain-killing drugs. Where does this belief come from, and whose purposes does it serve? FACTORS IN PAIN PERCEPTION To discuss birthing women's need for pain relief intelligently, one must first examine those factors involved in the perception of pain in general. Pain has been the subject of much scientific investigation since the middle 1800's. It has been determined that pain perception is partly controlled by psychological variables. In traditions of other than Western allopathy, there is the concept of healthy a necessary part of a healing crisis where symptoms come to a head before the body turns towards wellness. However, modern medicine considers almost all pain to be bad, indicating absence of health. We tend to believe that all pain can and should be relieved by medical means, and to expect relief at very low levels of suffering. This belief is reinforced by hospital procedures which provide pain relief a first line of therapy rather than a last resort. (30:83) Most Westerners generally perceive pain marking a disease state: Unprofessional persons are always accustomed to associate together the ideas of pain and danger; yet the physician well knows that the most fatal maladies are often the least painful. (45) Subjective pain intensity does not directly reflect the level of stimulation, the extent of tissue damage or the danger to the organism. (40:36) Thomas Szasz argues that pain arises as a consequence of a perceived threat to the integrity of the body . . .either for objective reasons or for emotional ones. (39:30) [italics mine] Pain is a psychological event: psychogenic pain is psychologically caused (as from tension even when the tension is psychological); organic pain is physically caused. (39:25) The experience is that which we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of such damage-cutting, stabbing, burning, etc.-but the origin and intensity of pain can be strongly associated with certain attitudes and chains of psychological events, such hostility, fear, resentment and guilt, especially when expression of these attitudes are unacceptable. For example, a woman's fear of her doctor is unacceptable, therefore she experiences pain, a conversion symptom, that is her attempt to have her distress brought to light. (39:28) Researchers admit that there is no such thing purely sensory pain, since all sensation is subject to modification, either at a subcortical level before it is consciously apprehended or after conscious apprehension by the cognitive mechanisms of conditioning, significance and meaning. It is the reaction component, affective and cognitive, that determines the perception of pain. (36:61) Studies of placebo effect demonstrate that it is psychological factors which are responsible for pain tolerance not pain threshold-in other words, one's inner state determines not when pain is experienced, but how well one copes with what one is feeling. …" @default.
• W268779169 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W268779169 date "1996-10-01" @default.
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• W268779169 title "Obstetric Anesthesia Abuse: Delivering Us from Evil" @default.
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