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- W2700962337 endingPage "594" @default.
- W2700962337 startingPage "578" @default.
- W2700962337 abstract "Abstract Carnitine acyltransferases catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl‐coenzyme A esters to l ‐carnitine, forming acyl‐carnitine esters that may be transported across cell membranes. l ‐Carnitine is a wáter‐soluble compound that humans may obtain both by food ingestion and endogenous synthesis from trimethyl‐lysine. Most l ‐carnitine is intracellular, being present predominantly in liver, skeletal muscle, heart and kidney. The organic cation transporter‐2 facilitates l ‐carnitine uptake inside cells. Congenital dysfunction of this transporter causes primary l ‐carnitine deficiency. Carnitine acetyltransferase is involved in the export of excess acetyl groups from the mitochondria and in acetylation reactions that regulate gene transcription and enzyme activity. Carnitine octanoyltransferase is a peroxysomal enzyme required for the complete oxidation of very long‐chain fatty acids and phytanic acid, a branched‐chain fatty acid. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 is a transmembrane protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the conversion of acyl‐coenzyme A esters to acyl‐carnitine esters. Carnitine acyl‐carnitine translocase transports acyl‐carnitine esters across the inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for free l ‐carnitine that exits the mitochondrial matrix. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐2 is anchored on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it converts acyl‐carnitine esters back to acyl‐coenzyme A esters, which may be used in metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial β‐oxidation. l ‐Carnitine enhances nonoxidative glucose disposal under euglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions in both healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that l ‐carnitine strengthens insulin effect on glycogen storage. The plasma level of acyl‐carnitine esters, primarily acetyl‐carnitine, increases during diabetic ketoacidosis, fasting, and physical activity, particularly high‐intensity exercise. Plasma concentration of free l ‐carnitine decreases simultaneously under these conditions. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(8):578–594, 2017" @default.
- W2700962337 created "2017-06-30" @default.
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- W2700962337 creator A5065062960 @default.
- W2700962337 creator A5086652007 @default.
- W2700962337 date "2017-06-26" @default.
- W2700962337 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
- W2700962337 title "Significance of <scp>l</scp>‐carnitine for human health" @default.
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