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• W270100128 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION The following presentation is concerned with the principles of continental European and German regarding claims against the government and authorities. For an overview and first impression, it is necessary to describe the various continental European, German, and perhaps the European Community court systems and to show how victims of a governmental breach of or even of lawful actions obtain satisfaction and redress within these systems. European countries-Germany included-do not have an institution like the United States Court of Federal Claims. Only the European Court of First Instance, with its special jurisdiction for disputes arising under the of the European Union, serves a similar function in some respects. In many European countries claims against the government are heard in many different fora, as is the case in the United States-this is a nearly worldwide similarity. But no national court exists for special claims against the government-this is the fundamental difference. I will now attempt to explain the reasons for this difference, which are deeply rooted in the characteristics of the different legal and political cultures. II. THE FRENCH MODEL A. The Separation of Administration and Adjudication and the Origin of Administrative Courts The French model, traceable to the ideas of the French revolution, heavily influenced the continental understanding of the relationship between administration and adjudication.1 The view of separation of powers had been that the traditional courts should avoid making any decisions involving the administration.2 Courts were not supposed to restrain the government. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, special administrative boards were organized under the authority of to control the legality of governmental acts. These boards became increasingly independent and developed into administrative courts. The initial result of this development was a rather simple court system, with courts of first instance and one appellate court, the tribunal administratif, and the d'Etat, but in 1989, the French legislature established an intermediate level (cour administrative d'appel), to manage the overload of the Conseil d'Etat.3 B. The Distinction between Private and Public Law At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the prevailing opinion was that ordinary civil courts had neither the competence to control the legality of governmental acts nor the competence to adjudicate money claims against the government or authorities.4 Later on, the French Court of Conflicts and the Conseil d'Etat enforced another more sophisticated distinction:5 governmental acts which fell into the domain of law and could have been performed in the same way by private persons (actes de gestion) were no longer within the jurisdiction of administrative courts but were considered normal civil matters within the jurisdiction of civil courts. On the other hand, acts based on public law giving special authority to the administration (actes d'autorite, puissance publique) did not fall within the jurisdiction of the civil courts but were subject to the jurisdiction of the administrative courts. This distinction survived in principle, but the modern legislature enacted many statutes with exceptions. C. Jurisdiction of Civil and Administrative Courts under Statute Disputes arising from the administration of property (domaine public), for example from construction work, belong to the jurisdiction of administrative courts, although private instrumentalities could conduct these activities as well.6 State liability cases, with the exception of traffic accident cases,7 generally fall within the domain of administrative courts. Civil courts resolve disputes about compensation for expropriation,8 although the administrative courts provide judicial review of the administrative procedure preparing the expropriation and examine its legal prerequisites. …" @default.
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• W270100128 date "2003-01-01" @default.
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• W270100128 title "Suing the Sovereign in Europe and Germany" @default.
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