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• W271567193 abstract "Abstract: Recent scholarship has underscored the carnage inflicted by King Philip's War (1675-76). Colonists faced a diverse assortment of Native Americans led by Wampanoag sachem Metacom (whom the colonists referred to as King Philip). In terms of population, King Philip's War was the bloodiest conflict in American history. Fifty-two English towns were attacked, a dozen were destroyed, and more than 2,500 colonists died - perhaps 30% of the English population of New England. At least twice as many Native Americans were killed. Some historians estimate that the combined effects of war, disease, and starvation killed half the Native population of the region. The war left an enduring legacy. Less well known, however, is that while the Puritans did attempt to save the wounded, they were far less successful in their efforts to retrieve and properly inter the dead. Puritan commanders did not always safeguard their men, sometimes leaving them weltering in their own blood. Concern about casualties was often compromised in the fog of battle. Puritans battled not only the Indians but their own shortcomings in rendering respect to the dead and assistance to the injured. Author Robert Cray is a professor of history at Montclair State University. The author would like to thank Montclair State University for a release grant under the Faculty Scholarship Incentive Program which made this article possible. At the start of King Philip's War in 1675, Captain Benjamin Church and his men blundered into an ambush. Confusion and fear swept through the untested New England troops as a small number of Wampanoag Indians, perhaps no more than a dozen, threatened to rout the larger force - all of them, that is, except Church. As the frightened settlers-turnedsoldiers bolted, ready to leave behind a seriously injured guide, Church stormed and stamped at his men to stand fast. Two soldiers, one of them wounded, heeded Church and rescued the dying man. Church' returned for the man's horse, calling vainly upon his troops to fight, until whizzing bullets convinced him it was time to retreat. Most of his men had already made that decision.1 This episode reflects the difficulties New Englanders faced during King Philip's War. Settlers with modest militia training proved more adept at the plow than the musket. They were inexperienced at woodland skirmishing and unnerved by sudden Indian sorties. As such, their opponents - a diverse assortment of Native Americans drawn from the Wampaonoags, Nipmucks, Narragansetts, and other American Indian nations - found stealth and mobility remarkably effective. Wampanoag leader Metacom (King Philip to the colonists) led this resistance until his death in 1676.2 Captain Church's response remains instructive less for his failure to rally the troops than for illuminating the battlefield recovery of injured and dead soldiers. Rescuers recognized the stakes involved: the bodies of Puritan New Englanders provided inviting targets, if not outright trophies, for Native Americans to dismember and display. Recalling one particular episode, Church cited the Indians' treatment of eight slain soldiers, Upon whose bodies they exercised more than brutish barbarities; beheadings and dismembering and mangling them in the most inhumane manner, which gashed and ghastly objects struck a damp on all beholders. Seventeenth century European armies naturally targeted opponents, but tearing apart a corpse for display still represented a particularly odious form of violence usually reserved for rebellious subjects. That Native Americans employed their own version of these tactics in King Philip's War was an irony New Englanders failed to appreciate.3 To avoid this fate, Puritans during King Philip's War needed to secure both the injured and the dead, since anything less might leave them, in Church's words, prey to the barbarous enemy. How well the Puritans accomplished these objectives during battle (or even its aftermath) remains unstudied. …" @default.
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• W271567193 date "2009-10-01" @default.
• W271567193 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W271567193 title "Weltering in Their Own Blood: Puritan Casualties in King Philip's War" @default.
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