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• W2730122035 abstract "Vol. 125, No. 6 Science SelectionsOpen AccessUp in the Air: Does Ground-Level Ozone Trigger Kawasaki Disease? Lindsey Konkel Lindsey Konkel Search for more papers by this author Published:23 June 2017CID: 064003https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2092View Article in:中文版AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Kawasaki disease occurs most often in children of East Asian ancestry,1 but the known genetic factors2 cannot explain why more children have been diagnosed with the disease in recent years, according to Bing-Fang Hwang, an environmental epidemiologist at China Medical University in Taiwan. Hwang and colleagues now report an association between exposure to ground-level ozone and increased risk of Kawasaki disease in a group of young Taiwanese children.3Kawasaki disease is a childhood ailment that causes fever, rash, and a red tongue, among other symptoms. It leads to inflammation in blood vessels throughout the child’s body. Most children recover from the disease within a few weeks, but up to one-quarter develop heart problems, including coronary artery aneurysms, arrhythmias, and even heart failure.4The origins of Kawasaki disease are still a mystery, although airborne agents appear likely to play a role. Researchers now report an association between hospitalizations for the disease and summertime exposures to ground-level ozone. © Anurak Pongpatimet/Shutterstock.The incidence of Kawasaki disease in children under age 5 is highest in Japan (264.8 per 100,000 children), followed by Korea (132.4 per 100,000 children) and Taiwan (82.77 per 100,000 children).5 Although many nations around the world, including Taiwan, have reported an increase in the number of Kawasaki disease diagnoses in the past decade, it is not clear whether these reports represent a true rise in incidence or just greater awareness of the disease.6Despite decades of research, the origins of Kawasaki disease are not fully understood. “It follows an immunological pattern that does not look like any other disease we know,” says Jane Burns, director of the Kawasaki Disease Research Center at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, who was not involved with the study. There is evidence that viral infection may play a role,7 and other previous studies have suggested that some windborne environmental factors may trigger the disease in genetically susceptible children.8,9In the new study, Hwang and colleagues used a Taiwanese health insurance database to identify 695 hospitalizations for Kawasaki disease in children under age 5 between 2000 and 2010. The team then estimated daily levels of five air pollutants near the home of each child, accounting for atmospheric variables including temperature, humidity, and wind direction.The researchers found an association between hospitalizations for Kawasaki disease and ozone pollution for the summer months only, possibly because children spend more time outdoors in the summertime. When they divided patients into four groups based on their estimated level of ozone exposure, hospitalization was more likely for children in the three highest quartiles compared with the lowest, although the association was not statistically significant for the third quartile of exposure. They also found no significant associations with other pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide and coarse particulate matter.The study contributes to the growing body of research highlighting the link between Kawasaki disease and the environment, says Xavier Rodó, an atmospheric scientist who studies Kawasaki disease at the Catalan Institute of Climate Sciences in Barcelona, Spain. However, it is not clear from the findings whether ozone causes Kawasaki disease, or whether ozone pollution could be a predictor of some other risk factor that is associated with high-ozone days, says Rodó, who was not involved in the Taiwan study. Ground-level ozone is created when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds—found in vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and other sources—react in the presence of sunlight.10The possibility of an airborne trigger is very plausible, says Burns. Children with Kawasaki disease develop enlarged lymph nodes under the jawbone but nowhere else in the body. Those are the lymph nodes that drain the upper airway, she explains.One possible direction for future studies is to compare Kawasaki cases in locations in different parts of the world and incorporate statistical models that can further investigate associations among several environmental factors. “Whether ozone holds up in other analyses in different parts of the world as a trigger or whether it is a marker for the real trigger,” Burns says, “this is a productive avenue of research that deserves more focus.”References1. Onouchi Y, Fukazawa R, Yamamura K, Suzuki H, Kakimoto N, Suenaga T, et al.2016. Variations in ORAI1 gene associated with Kawasaki disease. PLoS One 11(1):e0145486, PMID: 26789410, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145486. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar2. Khor CC, Davila S, Breunis WB, Lee YC, Shimizu C, Wright VJ, et al.2011. Genome-wide association study identifies FCGR2A as a susceptibility locus for Kawasaki disease. Nat Genet 43(12):1241–1246, doi:10.1038/ng.981. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3. Jung CR, Chen ET, Lin YT, Hwang BF. 2017. Ambient air pollutant exposures and hospitalization for Kawasaki disease in Taiwan: a case-crossover study (2000–2010). EHP 125(4):670–676, doi:10.1289/EHP137. Link, Google Scholar4. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Kawasaki Disease. Updated 7 March 2017. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/kawasaki-disease [accessed 9 March 2017]. Google Scholar5. Singh S, Vignesh P, Burgner D. 2015. The epidemiology of Kawasaki disease: a global update. Arch Dis Child 100(11):1084–1088, PMID: 26111818, doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-307536. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar6. Sundel R.Kawasaki Disease: Epidemiology and Etiology. Updated 5 May 2017. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/kawasaki-disease-epidemiology-and-etiology [accessed 30 May 2017]. Google Scholar7. Rowley AH, Baker SC, Shulman ST, Rand KH, Tretiakova MS, Perlman EJ, et al.2011. Ultrastructural, immunofluorescence, and RNA evidence support the hypothesis of a “new” virus associated with Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis 203(7):1021–1030, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiq136. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar8. Rodó X, Ballester J, Cayan D, Melish ME, Nakamura Y, Uehara R, et al.2011. Association of Kawasaki disease with tropospheric wind patterns. Sci Rep 1:152, PMID: 22355668, doi:10.1038/srep00152. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar9. Rodó X, Curcoll R, Robinson M, Ballester J, Burns JC, Cayan DR, et al.2014. Tropospheric winds from northeastern China carry the etiologic agent of Kawasaki disease from its source to Japan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(22):7952–7957, doi:10.1073/pnas.1400380111. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ozone Basics. Updated 16 May 2016. https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution/ozone-basics [accessed 22 March 2017]. Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 125, No. 6 June 2017Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Manuscript received21 April 2017Manuscript revised21 April 2017Manuscript accepted21 April 2017Originally published23 June 2017 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days." @default.
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