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• W2732558461 abstract "1. IntroductionThe purpose of my paper is to examine the colonial American past by using the interdisciplinary method of cultural studies, which takes into account historical and social factors, as well as the texts and discourses produced (Saukko 2003: 33). Firstly, we will deal with historical considerations of the Puritans as the most influential religious group in colonial New England and their treatment of the outsiders, i.e. those who did not share their religious beliefs. Furthermore, the importance of the Puritan heritage for the general American history will be emphasized. The rest of the paper will offer reading of three short stories from Nathaniel Hawthorne's collection Twice-Told Tales, based on the comparison of historical data and fictionalized history. As Hawthorne's works dealing with colonial America shaped the more contemporary perception of the Puritans to great extent, we thought it would be interesting to compare the historical considerations of the Puritans and their legacy with their representations in some of Hawthorne's best-known short stories. We will see that Hawthorne's representations of his Puritan ancestors, although harsh and without much sympathy at first glance, are filled with ambiguities and complexities. A careful reading of his stories reveals that, although critical of Puritan sternness, rigidity and religious zeal, Hawthorne still acknowledges, or at least hints at the fact that such zeal and unwavering determination were crucial for survival in the hostile wilderness of the first colonies. What is more, Hawthorne openly praises the Puritans' firm belief in the freedom of (their) opinion and their rebellious nature, which, in scholarly literature dealing with this period of American history, are seen as the first truly American traits.2. New England Puritans: historical perspectiveIt is noticeable that the treatment of Puritans by historians varies from dismissing them as a set of somber killjoys whose greatest pleasure was preventing simple folk from enjoying themselves, and whose principal object in life was to repress beauty and inhibit human nature (Morison, 1992, quoted in Bremer 2009: 107) to seeing them as harbingers of democracy, more perfect than any which antiquity had dreamt of'(DeTocqueville 2006). Both of these views could be considered rather extreme, but they could also be starting points in the research of Puritanism in America, leading towards balanced assessment of the importance of Puritans for American history.2.1. Religious backgroundAlmost any discussion of the Puritans who settled in America highlights the issue of their faith as the central and most prominent feature of the period in which they lived. They are described as group of religious zealots who came to the New World with the idea of forming an ideal community of the chosen people - City Upon Hill, as the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, stated in his often-quoted sermon. The foundation of their faith was the belief that men can be saved only by faith and God's grace, which he bestows on the elected few according to his own sovereign will. Therefore, from the beginning of time, some people are predestined for heaven, while the majority is predestined for hell (see for example, Miller 1963: 56-57, or Murphy 2001: 29). The belief in the doctrine of predestination led to constant self-examination in search for the signs of god's grace, so introspection and turning inward with almost merciless zeal also marked the Puritan culture (Heimert and Delbanco 2001: 15).Furthermore, Puritans (on both sides of the Atlantic) believed that they, as the elect nation, had particular agreement with God - covenant, which bound them to build godly society in return for divine blessings (Conforti 2006: 54). This meant that there was strong sense of collective responsibility for everything that happened in the colonies: prosperity was interpreted as sign of God's mercy, and hardships, such as droughts, Indian attacks, diseases, etc. …" @default.
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• W2732558461 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W2732558461 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2732558461 title "PURITAN NEW ENGLAND IN NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SHORT STORIES" @default.
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