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• W273535467 abstract "Plants bred for monoculture require inputs for high fertility, and to control weeds, pests and diseases. Plants that are bred for such monospecific communities are likely to be incompatible with the deployment of biodiversity to improve resource use and underpin ecosystem services. Two different approaches to breeding for agricultural diversity are described: (1) the use of composite cross populations and (2) breeding for improved performance in crop mixtures. INTRODUCTION Monocultural plant communities dominate modern agriculture. Monocultures are crops of a single species and a single variety; hence the degree of heterogeneity within such communities is severely limited. The reasons for the dominance of monoculture include the simplicity of planting, harvesting and other operations, which can all be mechanized, uniform quality of the crop product and a simplified legal framework for variety definition. Monocultural production supports the design of crop plants from conceptual ideotypes. The wheat plant ideotype is a good example of a plant designed for monoculture. Wheat plants that perform well in monoculture interfere minimally with their neighbours under high fertility conditions, where all ameliorable factors are controlled. The aim of this design is to provide a crop community that makes best use of light supply to the best advantage of grain production (Donald, 1968). This design has produced wheats with a high proportion of seminal roots, erect leaves, large ears and a relatively dwarf structure. This ‘pedigree line for monoculture’ approach is highly successful, but it has delivered crop communities that do best where light is the only, or the main, limiting factor for productivity: therefore the products of this approach to breeding require inputs to raise fertility, and to control weeds, pests and diseases. This breeding effort, coupled to the increasing convenience of monoculture, now dominates modern farming but the restrictions involved have led some people to question the value of this approach to farming and breeding. THE ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL DIVERSITY Darwin had a seamless view of population biology, evolutionary biology and ecosystem processes. The advantages of such a view are now being realized. For instance, Tilman (2001) points out two key findings: (1) that a greater number of terrestrial plant species can lead to greater ecosystem productivity and resource use and (2) that greater diversity can lead to greater ecosystem predictability and temporal stability. This links two key concepts: that diversity can underpin productivity and the stability of productivity; and that diversity underpins ecosystem functioning and therefore the ecosystem services required for sustainability. Biodiversity in agroecosystems provides ecosystem services beyond the production of food, fibre, fuel and income. Altieri (1999) suggests that examples of ecosystem services" @default.
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• W273535467 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W273535467 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W273535467 title "Plant breeding for agricultural diversity." @default.
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