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• W2736694921 abstract "-The life history of Euschistus ictericus was studied in southern Illinois, and the immature stages were described. The bug was also reared from egg to adult in the laboratory. Adults emerged from overwintering sites in early May, began feeding on Carex comosa Boott, and reproduced shortly thereafter. Eggs were generally laid on C. comosa and nymphs were found only on this plant. No individuals were found after mid-August. E. ictericus was reared on green beans under a 16L:8D photoperiod and constant temperature of 23.9 ? 1.1 ?C. The incubation period averaged 7.33 days. Durations of the 5 subsequent stadia averaged 3.99, 7.72, 7.27, 9.03, and 12.62 days, respectively. The external anatomy of the egg and each of the 5 nymphal instars is described. Euschistus ictericus (L.) occurs from eastern Canada south to Florida, and west and southwest to Utah, Oklahoma, and Texas (McPherson, 1982). It has been col lected on sedges, Iris versicolor L., water lilies, Saururus cernuus L., Salix, yellow thistle, cow-parsnip, Cuscuta, soybeans, and common mullein (McPherson, 1982). Little has been published on the field life history of this stink bug. It overwinters as adults (Blatchley, 18 9 5; Parshley, 192 3). Torre-Bueno and Engelhardt ( 19 10) found mating specimens on 24 July on water lilies in North Carolina. This paper presents information on the life history and laboratory rearing of E. ictericus and includes descriptions of the immature stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Life history. On 12 June 1981, several adults, including copulating pairs, were observed on the heads, leaves, and stems of Carex comosa Boott growing in water near the shore of La Rue Swamp, Union County, Illinois. The presence of copulating adults suggested a life history study was possible and, therefore, a study was conducted from June 1981 to July 1982. Collection of data during 1981 ended in August after the insects left the host plants. During 1982, data were collected from April to July, before the bugs appeared on, and after they left the plants. Data were collected weekly during the study and consisted primarily of counts of all stages present. Few animals were actually collected because the population size appeared small. The only exceptions were a few egg clusters and young nymphs that were reared to adults to confirm their identities and, with nymphs, to confirm their instars when collected. Data gathered during the 2 years of the study were combined to gain a better understanding of the annual life cycle. I Present address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.180 on Mon, 26 Sep 2016 06:14:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 54 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 92(1) Laboratory rearing. Fifteen adults (988, 6Q9) were collected from C. comosa at La Rue Swamp on 12 June 198 1, taken to the laboratory, and placed in a 1 -qt. (ca. 0.95 liter) Mason jar covered on the bottom with filter paper. Green snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) served as food and were placed on end in the bottom of the jar. A strip of paper toweling was added which, together with the filter paper, increased absorption of excrement and provided a good walking surface for the nymphs. The jar was closed with wire screen and paper toweling and secured with the band of the 2-piece Mason jar lid. A cheesecloth strip (ca. 6 x 20 cm), which served as an oviposition site, was placed inside the jar with 1 end over the lip and held in place by the band. The cage was examined daily for eggs. Cheesecloth, with attached egg clusters, was removed and placed on moist filter paper in the bottoms of petri dishes (ca. 9 cm diam., 2 cm depth) and covered with the lids. Water was added daily to keep the filter paper moist. The first instars (an apparently nonfeeding stage) were also kept in the petri dishes. The second through fifth instars were kept in Mason jars prepared similarly to the oviposition cage except for the absence of cheesecloth. Food, filter paper, and strips were changed every 3-4 days. The dishes and jars were kept in an incubator maintained at 23.9 ? 1. 1?C and a 16L:8D photoperiod. Descriptions of immature stages. The description of each stage is based on 10 individuals that were collected from the laboratory culture and preserved in 95 percent ETOH. The first instar is described in detail, but only major changes from previous instars are described for subsequent instars. Comparative statements refer to previous instars (e.g., more numerous). Length is measured from tip of tylus to tip of abdomen; width is measured across the mesonotum. Dimensions are expressed in mm as x ? SE. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida, measurements with an ocular micrometer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Life history. Fifty-nine adults, 70 eggs, and 35 nymphs were found during this study. Adults emerged from overwintering sites in early May and began feeding on the heads of C. comosa. Shortly thereafter, they were observed copulating on the heads, leaves, and stems of the host plant; as in many other pentatomoids (Mc Pherson, 1982), the copulating position was end-to-end. The 70 eggs were laid in 6 clusters, an average of 11.7 eggs/cluster (range, 6-14). These clusters and those deposited in the laboratory usually consisted of 2 to 4 rows of eggs. The first cluster was collected on 14 May and had been deposited on a head of C. comosa. The 5 remaining clusters were collected on 18 June; 4 had been laid on C. comosa (2 on heads, 2 on bracts) and 1 on Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow (on a leaf) that was growing in a stand adjacent to C. comosa. No first or second instars were collected. Five third instars were collected between 4 June and 3 July, 12 fourths between 12 June and 30 July, and 18 fifths between 18 June and 6 August; all were collected on C. comosa. Adults occurred on C. comosa until mid-August; most (55.2 percent) were observed between 12 and 18 June. From these limited data, it is difficult to decide whether E. ictericus was unior bivoltine at Pine Hills. Both interpretations are reasonable. Laboratory rearing. The 230 eggs deposited (Table 1) were laid on the cheesecloth This content downloaded from 207.46.13.180 on Mon, 26 Sep 2016 06:14:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1984 BIOLOGY OF EUSCHISTUS ICTERICUS 55 Table 1. Duration (in days) of each immature stage of E. ictericus. No. Days completing Cumulative Stage stadium Range x ? SE mean age Egg 227a 6-8 7.33 ? 0.04 7.33 Nymph 1st instar 226 3-5 3.99 ? 0.05 11.32 2nd instar 205 6-15 7.72 ? 0.09 19.04 3rd instar 184 5-14 7.27 ? 0.10 26.31 4th instar 171 6-18 9.03 ? 0.13 35.34 5th instar 165 9-21 12.62 ? 0.15 47.96 a 230 eggs were laid. in 14 clusters, an average of 16.4 eggs/cluster (range, 8-31). The incubation period averaged 7.33 days. The eye spots and mouth parts were visible in 3-4 days. The first instars were gregarious and remained atop the egg shells unless disturbed. They apparently did not feed. The duration of this stadium averaged 3.99 days. The durations of the second through fifth stadia averaged 7.72, 7.27, 9.03, and 12.62 days, respectively. Total developmental time from egg to adult averaged 47.96 days. Of the 226 individuals that began the second stadium, 73.0 percent (165 individuals) reached adults. Descriptions of immature stages. EGG (Fig. 1). Length, 1. 13 ? 0.01; width, 1 .00 + 0.01. Generally laid in clusters of 14; each egg kettle-shaped, yellowish white. Chorion with irregular triangular and quadrangular reticulations; spine at apex of each angle. Operculum present, surrounded by 34-38 micropylar processes, each process ca. 0.06 mm long and slightly dilated at tip. FIRST INSTAR (Figs. 2, 3). Length, 1.67 + 0.02; width, 1.23 ? 0.01. Body oval, greatest width at abdominal segments 2-3. Punctures present dorsally and ventrally, all punctures minute. Head declivent, anterolateral margins sinuate; yellowish brown to light brown dorsally with vertex yellow medially and tylus reddish to yellowish brown, often with red U-shaped marking between eye and midline of head; tylus exceeding juga; line extending from each eye posteromedially and disappearing beneath pronotum. Eyes red. Antennae 4-segmented; segments 1-3 brownish to red; segment 4 largest, fusi form, reddish brown to brown; incisures albidus; distinct constrictions at junctures of 2-3 and 3-4; ratio of antennal segment lengths ca. 10:1 1:12:25. Ventral surface of head whitish to yellowish brown. Beak 4-segmented, whitish to brown, segments 3-4 darker. Thoracic nota reddish brown to brown, yellow medially, yellow mediolongitudinal line extending from anterior margin of pronotum nearly to or reaching posterior margin of metanotum; lateral margins entire; proand mesonota sclerotized, posterior margins arcuate; metanotum sclerotized except posteriorly, posterior margin of me tanotal plate slightly arcuate medially, bending cephalad laterally; faint calli occa sionally present on all segments; intersegmental line between metanotum and first This content downloaded from 207.46.13.180 on Mon, 26 Sep 2016 06:14:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 56 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 92(1)" @default.
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• W2736694921 title "Life history and laboratory rearing of Euschistus ictericus (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae), with descriptions of immature stages." @default.
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