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• W2743111483 abstract "Reviewed by: The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act by Charles S. Bullock III, Ronald Keith Gaddie, and Justin J. Wert Julian Maxwell Hayter The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act. By Charles S. Bullock III, Ronald Keith Gaddie, and Justin J. Wert. Studies in American Constitutional Heritage. ( Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. Pp. xvi, 240. $29.95, ISBN 978-0-8061-5200-4.) In The Triumph of Voting Rights in the South (Norman, Okla., 2009), Charles S. Bullock III and Ronald Keith Gaddie helped illuminate a problem in the development of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965—the rise of minority political participation exposed glaring weaknesses in the VRA's aging triggering mechanisms. In The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act, these authors, along with Justin J. Wert, thought-provokingly and comprehensively revisit this dilemma in light of Shelby County v. Holder (2013). In explaining the road to Shelby, the authors traverse the VRA's creation, implementation, and most recent unintended consequences. With Shelby, the authors argue, the Supreme Court closed the books on the national government's direct supervision of state elections (p. xiii). The Shelby decision did more than strike down the Section 4 coverage formula of the Voting Rights Act. The decision effectively ended close scrutiny of the conduct of state elections, while putting forward the notion that each state in the union enjoys 'equal sovereignty,' the position that the federal government cannot single out states for differential treatment (p. 151). Bullock, Gaddie, and Wert support this larger claim by relying on Supreme Court cases, Justice Department reports, voting data, and political science scholarship. The book first historicizes the creation of the VRA and then explains how the act—and its rigorous oversight—engendered a complexion revolution in southern politics. Barack Obama's historic victories in states covered by Section 5 of the law represent the pinnacle of racial politics in this book. The VRA's supporters will see the events surrounding Shelby in subsequent chapters as a declension narrative. The authors' delineation of the VRA's recent developments is not merely this book's ultimate contribution to voting rights scholarship, but it is during this delineation that an overarching theme becomes apparent. The VRA's triggering mechanism and politics paved the road to Shelby. Recent failures to [End Page 750] modernize the VRA, the South's reddening, and the growing conservatism of Chief Justice John G. Roberts's Court emboldened anti-VRA activists and career litigants such as Edward Blum. The authors also show that voting rights advocates have struggled to connect Jim Crow–era disenfranchisement to the ongoing need for regional scrutiny and preclearance—particularly given the unprecedented number of African Americans in politics. Indeed, the Roberts Court held that the current data on black political participation rendered Section 4 obsolete. If this book has limitations they lie in the data-driven and celebratory illustration of the VRA's rise. The VRA typified the height of the civil rights movement, yet that movement (save a brief allusion to protests in Selma, Alabama) is nowhere to be found in this book. In demonstrating rampant preVRA disenfranchisement, the authors gloss over the suffrage crusades that created the conditions necessary to pass the VRA. Black political will also gave rise to innovative resistance to the VRA. Conspicuously absent here is the reemergence of vote dilution and the Earl Warren and Warren Burger Courts' subsequent reapportionment revolution. The historical record shows—thanks to scholars like J. Morgan Kousser, Richard M. Valelly, Frank R. Parker, Hugh Graham, and Steven F. Lawson—that it is impossible to separate the VRA's renewal and constitutional evolution from the continuation of racist trends in southern politics. The legacy of modern disenfranchisement has a longer history than the authors acknowledge. The book closes with an examination of the ways Congress might restore preclearance in light of Shelby and the recent proliferation of voter ID laws. If the depiction of the VRA's uncertain future represents another timely scholarly contribution, the authors' analysis of voter ID laws seems premature. While it may be true that recent data concerning voter ID laws shows little voter suppression, it..." @default.
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• W2743111483 title "The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act by Charles S. Bullock III, Ronald Keith Gaddie, and Justin J. Wert" @default.
• W2743111483 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2017.0235" @default.
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