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• W274372199 abstract "Gold Bracteates as Visual Evidence? THE ILLUSTRATION ABOVE shows a bracteate, a circular, golden amulet of the Germanic migration period stamped on one side and designed to be worn hanging around the neck. Over nine hundred such bracteates have been found making them the largest collection of Germanic cultural documents from the migration period. Their large number and the gold on which they are stamped imply that they were culturally significant. The fact that they have been found in graves and hoards as well as in isolated finds across early Germanic territory suggests that they were considered valuable personal property and that they were a pan-Germanic cultural phenomenon.(2) Although scholars have attempted for over one hundred years to determine the meaning of the bracteates, the remarkably little conclusive evidence about their function and meaning has prevented a full understanding of their significance. The most extensive work on the bracteates was done by Karl Hauck and his research team from the Sonderforschungsbereich 7 at the Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, Munster and resulted in the extensive catalogue entitled Goldbrakteaten der Volkerwanderungszeit. This catalogue contains a photograph and detailed drawing of each bracteate and provides, among other information, the locations of the discoveries, descriptions of the condition of the artifacts, tool marks, motif type, and inscriptions on the bracteates. Based on both iconography and on analogy with contemporary religions and cultures, Hauck also argues in several publications that most of the bracteates show representations of Odin.(3) If Hauck is correct in assigning the identity of Odin to the images on these bracteates, then he provides substantial evidence for an early Odin cult. In order to derive his reading of the bracteates, however, he constructs a cultural model that is unconvincing in many respects. This paper is a response to Hauck's univocal semiotic reading of the figure on the bracteates as Odin. I refute the universal applicability of Hauck's iconographic analysis and show that the bracteates defy his imposed cultural model. In reevaluating the evidence, new questions about the bracteates are raised that may offer insights into the function and significance of the artifacts and help to guide their further study. I Hauck's analysis of the bracteates dictates the organization of the catalogue. The artifacts are divided into four basic groups first established during the nineteenth century by scholars such as C.J. Thomsen and O. Montelins, who published the first scholarly analyses on the bracteates. Hauck maintains the division, which corresponds to his own examination of the images, and catalogues the bracteates according to four basic groups: A,B,C, and D.(4) The A-bracteates are modeled most closely after medallions from the Mediterranean that portray a pro filed image of the emperor. These are purported to be the original models of the Germanic bracteates. The oldest bracteates found in the north are clear imitations of Roman medallions. The images on later A-bracteates contain a hand or a bird in addition to the central profile. The images on the B-bracteates contain several different motifs. Most common is a single human figure in various positions--standing, sitting, kneeling--sometimes accompanied by additional figures or animals. The C-bracteates, the largest category, constitute the group on which Hauck has done most of his iconographic interpretation. The images on the C-bracteates contain the head of a figure in profile accompanied by a four-legged creature and frequently by a bird. I will return to the C-bracteates below. The D-bracteates form the second largest group and portray an animal or a fantasy creature in the center of the image. As mentioned, Hauck has worked primarily on the C-bracteates, but draws occasionally on the other groups to support his analysis. …" @default.
• W274372199 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W274372199 date "1999-12-22" @default.
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• W274372199 title "Imagining an Early Odin" @default.
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