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- W2743919451 abstract "Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic disease of the intestine. The etiology ranges from immune dysfunction, bacterial infiltration, and genetics to environment. Several medications have been employed to treat UC, but most have several side effects. To counter this problem, alternate therapy has been employed, which includes the use of plant-derived phytochemicals that have been investigated. Reports indicate them to be effective in reducing the severity of symptoms associated with UC with concomitant reductions in several markers of inflammation. This chapter deals with polyphenols in the prevention of UC due to their widely accepted benefits and ease of availability. Polyphenols have several applications, ranging from industrial to household and recently in medicine. They have been implicated in the treatment of several diseases and disorders like hypertension, allergies, cancer, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, hypercholesterolemia, and several other metabolic and genetic disorders. Several polyphenols, including curcumin and their role in the different pathways leading to the inflammation and pathology of UC, are discussed in this chapter. Curcumin is an active compound found in the turmeric plant and has been found to reduce inflammation, ulcerations and prevent the formation of the pre-cancerous lesions. Clinical trials have shown that curcumin could prevent clinical relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with an additional benefit of free radical scavenging leading to reduced oxidative stress. Tea, native to China and Southeast Asia, has several active components like catechins, flavonols, gallic acids and theanine, which were found to be protective against colitis by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2. Grape seed polyphenols were also found to be effective in reducing the macroscopic and microscopic lesions of colitis, histological score and reducing translocation of NF-κB in the colon mucosa. Cocoa, another common beverage and the content of chocolate, was found to be protective when co-administered with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and decreased colon crypt damage and leucocyte infiltration. Resveratrol is another common polyphenol produced by plants under stress led by pathogenic attack like bacteria and fungi. It is widely accepted for its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous effects and has also been found to reduce the pathology of UC. It mediates its protective effects by decreasing neutrophil’s percentage and downregulation of inflammatory markers with reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lipid peroxidation in colon. It is mainly found in the skin of red grapes. Therefore, although the amount in red wine is insignificant, it is available commercially for use as a supplement. Quercetin, silymarin, kaempferol, ellagic acid, and rutoside are some of the other polyphenols discussed in this chapter. They were found to be effective in reducing the pathology and symptoms associated with UC. There are very few studies that indicate the adverse effects of these polyphenols, including the oral administration of 1% green tea polyphenols which increased kidney weight and decreased mRNA expression of HSPs and several antioxidant enzymes. There could be a few exceptions regarding the safety of the use of polyphenols as therapeutic agents in the treatment of UC, and hence more intensive research is needed to declare polyphenols, or any other phytochemicals obtained, as safe for medicinal use. Also, their dosage and the adverse effects of different polyphenols in different disease models need to be established with human studies before the declaration of their use in a particular disease." @default.
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- W2743919451 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W2743919451 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W2743919451 title "Polyphenols in the Prevention of Ulcerative Colitis" @default.
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- W2743919451 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00050-5" @default.
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