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• W2745265462 abstract "This article highlights general population studies of crime-related PTSD that provide descriptive char­ acteristics of crime events and information relevant to the study of PTSD etiology. Following a brief overview of critical issues in research on crime and its effects, the article is divided into two major areas: Prevalence, descriptive characteristics, and risk fac­ tors for exposure to crime events; and Prevalence, and risk factors for PTSD. Given the critical role of event characteristics in the etiology of PTSD based on the combat trauma literature, it is important to recognize the need to study the detailed character­ istics of different types of crime in-depth. Informa­ tion about PTSD etiology can be gained from and/ or cross-validated using new populations other than combat veterans. The study of crime-related trauma permits examination of varied trauma and indi­ vidual characteristics. Furthermore, crime is much more than an academic issue. Unfortunately, crime is an ongoing threat, both for individuals previ­ ously victimized who may continue to live in fear as well as for those who may falsely believe that they are invulnerable to crime. Thus, study of crime victims also allows us to look at individuals who have recently been exposed to extreme stressor events and to follow the course of PTSD and other outcomes over time. Overview of Critical Issues in Research on Crime and Its Mental Health Impact. A basic limitation of most studies that have included detailed data on crime and crime-related PTSD in adults is that they have focused exclusively on women. Other issues that are problematic in many studies are outlined here. Most existing research on violence and its mental health impact suffers from conceptual or methodological limitations that include the follow­ ing: a) focus on one type of violence occurring at one time of life, perpetrated by one type of assailant; b) failure to consider the potential impact of multiple violent events; c) use of non-representative samples; d) use of univariate models that do not examine for complex relationships between violence risk factors and mental health impact risk factors; and e) failure to establish the temporal sequence of violence, men­ tal health functioning, and further violence. This review compiles articles that addressed at least some of these major factors to contribute to our knowl­ edge of crime characteristics and outcomes. The data obtained from these studies show that actual crime incidents and effects violate many of our previously held assumptions about the nature of crime and its impact. To the degree that extant studies fail to address these methodological issues, we should critically evaluate findings related to crime prevalence and etiological factors in PTSD. Prevalence, descriptive characteristics, and risk factors for exposure to crime. Data from several recent studies indicate that 39% to 70% of people in our society have been exposed to civilian traumatic events, a major portion of which are serious crimes (Breslau et al., 1991; Kilpatrick et al., 1987; Norris, 1992; Resnick et al., 1993). In the largest general population sample, which included 4,008 adult women, 36% of the sample reported exposure to rape, other sexual assault, aggravated assault, or the homicide death of someone close to them (Resnick et al., 1993). That large prospective and longitudinal study, called the National Women’s Study, was conducted by Dean Kilpatrick and colleagues at the National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center. Due to a study design that included weight­ ing by age and race to national population esti­ mates, the results allow for estimates of adult female population rates of specific crimes that can be com­ pared to numbers of those exposed to combat or other extreme stressors. For the crime of rape alone, based on a 12.7% lifetime prevalence rate, it was estimated that over 12 million women in this coun­ try have had a completed rape sometime in their lives (Resnick et al., 1993). This rate may be conser­ vative as the behaviorally specific items used to assess rape emphasized the presence of physical force or the threat of physical force along with unwanted vaginal, oral, or anal penetration. Thus, a portion of incidents in childhood were likely missed as well as adult cases in which alcohol or drug involvement might make a victim unaware of or unable to stop an assault. As noted by Resnick et al. (1993), consistent over­ all crime and trauma exposure rates have been observed in the most recent epidemiological stud­ ies, which far surpass rates of civilian trauma esti­ mated by Helzer and colleagues (1987). However, widely discrepant rates of completed rape and sexual assault were found across these studies. Koss (1993), in a special issue of the Journal of Interpersonal Vio-" @default.
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• W2745265462 title "Crime-related PTSD: Emphasis on adult general population samples" @default.
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• W2745265462 doi "https://doi.org/10.1037/e572112010-001" @default.
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