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• W274583522 abstract "This however I should submit to better Judgments.-- Benjamin (Autobiography 583) (1) Benjamin was normally unusually fastidious in preparing his manuscripts for publication, but not so his memoir. He wrote and revised it intermittently over a period of eighteen years and created an outline for the whole, yet he ultimately left the project to posterity incomplete. Thus for at least two centuries editors of the text now known as The Autobiography of Benjamin have had many decisions to make. During one late effort at revision, had noted the different places where he composed it: he had begun in 1771 at an English friend's country estate, continued in 1784 in Passy, France, and then at home in Philadelphia in 1788 (Leman and Zall 218, 234, 236). Though his outline indicates that he envisioned the book as a fluid whole, editors have generally allowed these headings to stand so that the various times and places of composition punctuate the published narrative of his rise to success. (2) The Autobiography is divided into parts accordingly, and often a fourth is added, one not indicated in the holograph manuscript, to let readers know that the last seven pages were written in 1789-90 during Franklin's painful final months. These headings contextualize some inconsistencies in his style over the course of the text and, at the same time, underscore his cosmopolitanism, perseverance, and lifelong habit of self-reflection. Editors have been far less invested in the over four hundred briefer interruptions in the manuscript taking the form of dashes. (3) occasionally uses the horizontal stroke syntactically: to punctuate direct discourse, bracket dependent clauses, introduce an elaboration, or link disparate ideas. (4) But the vast majority of his dashes appears after independent clauses closed by other punctuation marks and serve no semantic function: they simply make fuller stops of full stops. It was not until 1981, when J.A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall published their scholarly Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: A Genetic Text, that the doubled stops were first reproduced in print. Lemay and Zall are skeptical of their significance, implicitly justifying their omission from earlier editions aimed at a more general audience: Franklin frequently used dashes in the holograph manuscript of the autobiography, as well as in his other manuscript writings. He evidently did not want to print all the dashes in the autobiography, since he uses them infrequently in his published writings (252). When these apparently extraneous punctuation marks are included in subsequent scholarly editions of the Autobiography, editors represent them above all as reminders that Franklin's memoir comes to us unfinished. (5) In contrast to most editors' views, Franklin's dashes in fact play a crucial rhetorical role in his life narrative. Franklin's ideas about memoir as an essentially incomplete and intermedial form provide a distinctly literary basis for his use of the dash, whose unstable status reflected the general instability of the eighteenth-century culture of writing. The dashes affect our experience of the Autobiography: they are fundamental to the text, not despite but because of their historical associations with the processes rather than the products of communication (both written and oral) and, more specifically, because of the rapport with readers they help to cultivate--a mode of thoughtful intimacy on which, believed, the success of his life narrative, and America itself, depended. (6) If, as his editors have suggested, Franklin's dashes evoke the poetical state of incompletion of his memoir, this was a state of which was conscious and to which he was aesthetically and politically committed. (7) THE UNCERTAIN STATUS OF THE DASH In the long eighteenth century, the dash was arguably the most flexible and controversial of punctuation marks--or points as they were then called. …" @default.
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• W274583522 date "2013-09-22" @default.
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• W274583522 title "Intimate Points: The Dash in the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin" @default.
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