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• W2747480968 abstract "I.IntroductionOn September 11, 2001 at 8:46:40 a.m., American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City.1 Sixteen minutes and thirty-one seconds later, United Airlines Flight 175 struck the South Tower, killing all on board and an unknown number of people in the tower.2 Approximately fifty-one minutes six seconds after the second plane hit, American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon travelling at 530 miles per hour.3 All on board, including many military personnel in the Pentagon, were killed.4 In a fourth plane, United Flight 93, passengers were aware their plane had just been hijacked and took a vote to retake the plane to save their lives.5 Calls with family members ended as the cockpit voice recorder captured the sounds of passengers trying to break through the cockpit door.6 Family members reported they could hear the voices of their loved ones on Flight 93 fighting among the din.7 Shortly after 10:02:23 A.M., a hijacker can be heard saying, it down! Pull it down.8 The sound of passengers fighting to regain the plane is audible until the aircraft plows into an empty field at 580 miles per hour.9Hours after the collapse of the Twin Towers, the idea that the September 11th (9/11) attacks had changed everything permeated American popular and political discussion.10 According to President George W. Bush, the attacks on September 11th were the beginning of a kind of and justified the hegemony of the United States as a global police power.11 The Bush administration also argued that because the circumstances were new, the policies that addressed terrorist attacks like 9/11 should be new as well.12 Like many tragedies, the events of 9/11 became a rhetorical bookend, marking the end of business as usual and the beginning of a profound shift in U.S. national security public policy and foreign relations.13courts began to question whether a new kind of war also justified a new legal regime.14 Families of the 9/11 victims turned to the judiciary for judgment and restitution from those they held responsible.15 Although AlQaeda and Osama Bin Laden took credit for the attacks, suspicion also fell on Saudi Arabia when it was discovered that fifteen of the nineteen hijackers were Saudi citizens.16 Families of 9/11 victims alleged that the Saudi royal family, banks, and charitable organizations provided financial support to the Al-Qaeda hijackers through donations to extremist mosques that promoted jihad.17 Many of these theories arose from a 2002 report by the House and Senate intelligence committees that suggested Saudi involvement, which became known as the 28 pages.18 However, an independent congressional commission found no evidence that Saudi government or Saudi officials funded the attacks.19In July of 2016, the 28 pages were released, reigniting public interest in establishing a connection between Saudi Arabia and the events of 9/11.20 Against this backdrop, Senator Chuck Schumer of New York and Senator John Cornyn of Texas proposed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA).21 JASTA was framed as a vehicle to hold accountable the state sponsors of terrorism who had previously escaped liability through errors in the U.S. legal system.22 By errors, drafters meant the immunities afforded to Saudi Arabia under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) and the Antiterrorism Act's (ATA) condition that litigants prove Saudi Arabia was the primary cause of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.23 Although JASTA was framed narrowly as a means for 9/11 victims to hold Saudi Arabia liable under new rules, it amends longstanding principles of sovereign immunity and relations between states.24 Additionally, it allows private litigants to sue foreign states for a terrorism claim, leapfrogging the executive's foreign policy prerogative and congressional evaluations of which states should be listed as state sponsors of terror.25This comment argues that JASTA's intended purpose to provide justice to victims of terrorism, though publically popular, fails to protect U. …" @default.
• W2747480968 created "2017-08-31" @default.
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• W2747480968 date "2017-08-09" @default.
• W2747480968 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2747480968 title "JASTA Straw Man? How the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act Undermines Our Security and Its Stated Purpose" @default.
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