FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2749884966> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2749884966 endingPage "373" @default.
• W2749884966 startingPage "360" @default.
• W2749884966 abstract "Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for about 90% of the 456,000 incident esophageal cancers each year. Regions of high incidence include Eastern to Central Asia, along the Rift Valley in East Africa, and into South Africa. There are many causes of ESCC, which vary among regions. Early studies in France associated smoking cigarettes and heavy alcohol consumption with high rates of ESCC, but these factors cannot explain the high incidence in other regions. We discuss other risk factors for ESCC, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a variety of sources, high-temperature foods, diet, and oral health and the microbiome—all require further research. A growing list of defined genomic regions affects susceptibility, but large genome-wide association studies have been conducted with ethnic Chinese subjects only; more studies are called for in the rest of Asia and Africa. ESCC has been understudied, but growing infrastructure in more high-incidence countries will allow rapid progress in our understanding. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for about 90% of the 456,000 incident esophageal cancers each year. Regions of high incidence include Eastern to Central Asia, along the Rift Valley in East Africa, and into South Africa. There are many causes of ESCC, which vary among regions. Early studies in France associated smoking cigarettes and heavy alcohol consumption with high rates of ESCC, but these factors cannot explain the high incidence in other regions. We discuss other risk factors for ESCC, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a variety of sources, high-temperature foods, diet, and oral health and the microbiome—all require further research. A growing list of defined genomic regions affects susceptibility, but large genome-wide association studies have been conducted with ethnic Chinese subjects only; more studies are called for in the rest of Asia and Africa. ESCC has been understudied, but growing infrastructure in more high-incidence countries will allow rapid progress in our understanding. Melina ArnoldView Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Wen-Qiang WeiView Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Esophageal cancer, the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the world, is a complex disease with many causes that differ by histologic type and the population in which it is found.1Ferlay J.S.I. Ervik M. Dikshit R. et al.GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 11. Lyon, France2013Google Scholar Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EADC), have almost completely distinct geographic patterns, time trends, and primary risk factors. Patients with either cancer have a poor prognosis because of the late stage at diagnosis for most patients. The causes of ESCC vary—the primary agents that cause ESCC in one population might not be associated with this cancer in another. We briefly review the descriptive epidemiology of ESCC and confirmed and suspected risk factors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimates that there were about 450,000 cases of esophageal cancer in 2012: 88% were cases of ESCC and 12% were cases of EADC.2Arnold M. Soerjomataram I. Ferlay J. et al.Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012.Gut. 2015; 64: 381-387Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar The geographic distribution of ESCC varies greatly, with more than 10-fold differences between countries (Figure 1). The highest incidence rates stretch from Eastern to Central Asia, with another band running along the Indian Ocean coast of Africa along the Great Rift Valley. A third area with higher incidence was centralized around Uruguay in South America and encompassed the entire Gaucho Region of the continent, but lately the rates in Uruguay have decreased. Although there are differences in rates among countries, there are also notable differences within countries. This is well documented in China—cancer mortality was mapped at the county level in the 1970s, and although rates have decreased in recent years, they vary among regions.3Chen W. Zheng R. Baade P.D. et al.Cancer statistics in China, 2015.CA Cancer J Clin. 2016; 66: 115-132Crossref PubMed Scopus (2259) Google Scholar Within China, rates of esophageal cancer can vary 10-fold and there are sharp differences over short geographic distances (Figure 2). The most studied region of China is the North Central Taihung Mountain range. In small areas of this region, ESCC are the, or near the, leading cause of death, with incidence rates exceeding 125/100,000 per year.4Blot W.J. Li J.Y. Some considerations in the design of a nutrition intervention trial in Linxian, People's Republic of China.Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1985; 69: 29-34PubMed Google Scholar The large population of China and the high rates lead to China having about half of all ESCC cases on earth. These regions often have high incidence rates of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and ESCC; these 2 cancers account for up 25% of deaths in some areas. High rates of ESCC and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma are also reported in northeastern Iran,5Islami F. Kamangar F. Aghcheli K. et al.Epidemiologic features of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers in Northeastern Iran.Br J Cancer. 2004; 90: 1402-1406Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar but there is no clear explanation for this phenomenon. Overall, ESCC is more common in men (69%) than women (31%). However, the ratio varies among low-risk areas, like the United States, where the ratio of men to women can reach 4:1, and high-incidence areas of China and Iran, where the ratio is lower, approaching or even exceeding 1:1.2Arnold M. Soerjomataram I. Ferlay J. et al.Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012.Gut. 2015; 64: 381-387Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar About 12 countries are thought to have higher rates in women than men, including several in northeast Africa and the Middle East. This variation in sex ratio likely reflects etiologic factors. Early studies from France6Tuyns A.J. Masse G. Cancer of the oesophagus in Brittany: an incidence study in Ille-et-Vilaine.Int J Epidemiol. 1975; 4: 55-59Crossref PubMed Google Scholar and later studies from Western countries showed that risk for ESCC is increased by smoking tobacco and heavy consumption of alcoholic beverages. These behaviors were historically more prevalent in men than in women. In high-incidence areas, tobacco and alcohol contribute little (or not at all) to ESCC incidence because they are rarely used in the population (eg, alcoholic beverages in Iran). In these areas, key risk factors are less well described, but seem to be less sex-dependent. During the last 40 years, there have been large changes in the incidence of different types of esophageal cancers, and these trends are region-specific. In the United States7Cook M.B. Chow W.H. Devesa S.S. Oesophageal cancer incidence in the United States by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977-2005.Br J Cancer. 2009; 101: 855-859Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar (Figure 3), Europe,8Steevens J. Botterweck A.A. Dirx M.J. et al.Trends in incidence of oesophageal and stomach cancer subtypes in Europe.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010; 22: 669-678PubMed Google Scholar Australia, and many other Western countries, the incidence of ESCC had been decreasing for several decades, whereas the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased. In Eastern Europe,8Steevens J. Botterweck A.A. Dirx M.J. et al.Trends in incidence of oesophageal and stomach cancer subtypes in Europe.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010; 22: 669-678PubMed Google Scholar Japan, and South America, ESCC still predominates.2Arnold M. Soerjomataram I. Ferlay J. et al.Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012.Gut. 2015; 64: 381-387Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar In most of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, esophageal carcinomas occur almost exclusively as ESCCs. As noted, the co-occurrence of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma in populations with high incidence of ESCC5Islami F. Kamangar F. Aghcheli K. et al.Epidemiologic features of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers in Northeastern Iran.Br J Cancer. 2004; 90: 1402-1406Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 9Yang C.S. Research on esophageal cancer in China: a review.Cancer Res. 1980; 40: 2633-2644PubMed Google Scholar creates challenges to tracking EADC because there is no definitive system for separating adenocarcinomas that span the esophagogastric junction. Within countries, the proportion of ESCC and EADC can vary greatly among population subgroups. For example, in the United States, African Americans are 7-fold more likely to be diagnosed with ESCC than EADC, whereas US whites are about 4-fold more likely to develop EADC than ESCC.7Cook M.B. Chow W.H. Devesa S.S. Oesophageal cancer incidence in the United States by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977-2005.Br J Cancer. 2009; 101: 855-859Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar The reasons for these large differences are not clear and cannot be fully explained by known risk factors.10Brown L.M. Hoover R. Silverman D. et al.Excess incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among US black men: role of social class and other risk factors.Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 153: 114-122Crossref PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar The ESCC incidence is decreasing in many Western countries, especially among men, probably due to decreased smoking prevalence. But these decreases are not universal. For example, the IARC projects almost no change in the rates of ESCC in Australian, Japanese, or UK men between now and 2030.11Arnold M. Laversanne M. Morris Brown L. et al.Predicting the future burden of esophageal cancer by histological subtype: international trends in incidence up to 2030.Am J Gastroenterol. 2017; 112: 1247-1255Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Incidence rates might increase in women in some of these same countries, likely due to women’s later peak in cigarette smoking rates and possibly due to changing social mores regarding alcoholic beverage consumption by women. Furthermore, the number of cancer cases is unlikely to decrease even in the presence of falling rates because of the growing and aging populations in developing countries, which have most ESCC cases. The etiology of ESCC is multifactorial and strongly population-dependent. A study in the United States estimated a population-attributable risk of 89% using only cigarette smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.12Engel L.S. Chow W.H. Vaughan T.L. et al.Population attributable risks of esophageal and gastric cancers.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95: 1404-1413Crossref PubMed Google Scholar In contrast, a large cohort study conducted in a high-incidence region of China found that tobacco smoking had little role in ESCC etiology and that modest alcohol consumption was associated with lower risk of the disease than in nonconsumers.13Tran G.D. Sun X.D. Abnet C.C. et al.Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China.Int J Cancer. 2005; 113: 456-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (373) Google Scholar This lack of effect seems to be explained partly by lower exposure rates, but our understanding remains incomplete. Given these large differences in etiology, population-specific estimates are needed for all risk factors and we can draw few conclusions that apply to ESCC globally. A summary of risk factors with the strongest evidence is provided in Table 1; these have been divided into those confirmed by formal review groups and those for which the level of evidence is not yet strong enough to consider them confirmed.Table 1Risk Factors for Esophageal Squamous Cell CarcinomaExposureCommentsRisk factors with consistent evidence for causation PovertyVarious markers of SES within populations TobaccoSmoking cigarette, pipe, cigar, hookah, and chewing tobacco Alcoholic beveragesHeavier consumption, effects of modest consumption are unclear Betel quidChewing with or without tobacco Vegetables and fruitsLikely a modest benefit Pickled vegetablesTraditional Chinese methods of pickling without vinegar Hot foodsThermal injury from maté, tea, soup, porridge X- and γ-radiationMedical settings AchalasiaHigh relative risks, but absolute risk may be low Fanconi anemiaHigh relative risks, but absolute risk may be lowRisk factors with repeatedly reported associations, but not confirmed PAHsStrong ecologic evidence, but few studies with individual exposure metrics Poor oral healthIncludes loss of teeth and poor oral hygiene. Seen in most but not all studies where it was tested Reproductive factorsLimited evidence and residual confounding might explain current literature Gastric atrophyShown repeatedly in Nordic studies, but mixed evidence in other populations OpiumMultiple recent reports for opium users, but unclear if other forms of opiates would be implicated Open table in a new tab Socioeconomic status (SES) is a complex construct representing many aspects of the human condition, yet it is one of the most consistent risk factors for ESCC—even after comprehensive adjustment for tobacco, alcohol, age, and many other potential risk factors. In Western countries, where studies often include people with a wide range of educational histories and income, SES is still associated with larger risks than might be expected. For example, in Sweden, notable differences in risk are associated with working in a manual trade or having less than a high school education,14Jansson C. Johansson A.L. Nyren O. et al.Socioeconomic factors and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a nationwide Swedish case-control study.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005; 14: 1754-1761Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar and in the United States, a statistically significant association was evident with income.15Gammon M.D. Schoenberg J.B. Ahsan H. et al.Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997; 89: 1277-1284Crossref PubMed Google Scholar What may be more surprising is that similar associations were observed in studies conducted in economically developing populations with compressed social status among participants,13Tran G.D. Sun X.D. Abnet C.C. et al.Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China.Int J Cancer. 2005; 113: 456-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (373) Google Scholar, 16Wei W.Q. Abnet C.C. Lu N. et al.Risk factors for oesophageal squamous dysplasia in adult inhabitants of a high risk region of China.Gut. 2005; 54: 759-763Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 17Dar N.A. Shah I.A. Bhat G.A. et al.Socioeconomic status and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in Kashmir, India.Cancer Sci. 2013; 104: 1231-1236Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar some of which included subsistence farmers only. It can be a challenge to use SES as either a main effect or as a confounder in models that examine other exposures, given the multidimensional nature of the construct. One promising method uses multiple correspondence analysis to build a composite wealth score from many underlying correlated SES indicators.18Islami F. Boffetta P. Ren J.S. et al.High-temperature beverages and foods and esophageal cancer risk—a systematic review.Int J Cancer. 2009; 125: 491-524Crossref PubMed Scopus (136) Google Scholar This provides a single coherent variable and reduces the role of chance and correlation among SES indicator selection. In sum, we do not know how SES affects risk, but this is an important question that does not appear to be solely a problem of residual confounding from known risk factors. Tobacco smoking and chewing are large risk factors for ESCC in economically developed countries. These account for a large proportion of population-attributable risk12Engel L.S. Chow W.H. Vaughan T.L. et al.Population attributable risks of esophageal and gastric cancers.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95: 1404-1413Crossref PubMed Google Scholar (an approximate 3- to 9-fold relative risk in current smokers).19Freedman N.D. Abnet C.C. Leitzmann M.F. et al.A prospective study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes.Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 165: 1424-1433Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 20Zendehdel K. Nyren O. Luo J. et al.Risk of gastroesophageal cancer among smokers and users of Scandinavian moist snuff.Int J Cancer. 2008; 122: 1095-1099Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 21Ishiguro S. Sasazuki S. Inoue M. et al.Effect of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and flushing response on esophageal cancer risk: a population-based cohort study (JPHC study).Cancer Lett. 2009; 275: 240-246Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar But relatively weaker effects and lower attributable risk22Wang J.B. Fan J.H. Liang H. et al.Attributable causes of esophageal cancer incidence and mortality in China.PLoS One. 2012; 7: e42281Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar have been reported in economically developing countries (relative risk of approximately 1.5).13Tran G.D. Sun X.D. Abnet C.C. et al.Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China.Int J Cancer. 2005; 113: 456-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (373) Google Scholar, 16Wei W.Q. Abnet C.C. Lu N. et al.Risk factors for oesophageal squamous dysplasia in adult inhabitants of a high risk region of China.Gut. 2005; 54: 759-763Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 23Nasrollahzadeh D. Kamangar F. Aghcheli K. et al.Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran.Br J Cancer. 2008; 98: 1857-1863Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 24Okello S. Churchill C. Owori R. et al.Population attributable fraction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma due to smoking and alcohol in Uganda.BMC Cancer. 2016; 16: 446Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar In addition to cigarettes, there are other forms of tobacco for use, such as pipe, cigar, hookah, and chewing tobacco. Pipe and cigar have been demonstrated to convey risks similar to those for cigarettes.25Koop C.E. Luoto J. “The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer,” overview of a report of the Surgeon General.Public Health Rep. 1982; 97: 318-324PubMed Google Scholar Hookah and other forms of water pipe historically were used predominantly in the Middle-Eastern countries, but of late are becoming popular with young people worldwide. Meta-analyses reported pooled odds ratio of 3−4,26Montazeri Z. Nyiraneza C. El-Katerji H. et al.Waterpipe smoking and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.Tob Control. 2017; 26: 92-97Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 27Awan K.H. Siddiqi K. Patil S. et al.Assessing the effect of waterpipe smoking on cancer outcome—a systematic review of current evidence.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017; 18: 495-502PubMed Google Scholar but there is little consistency in the risk estimates, so the true risk associated with water pipe requires further investigation. Some studies reported that certain types of chewed tobacco carry risk of a magnitude greater than cigarettes or water pipe,23Nasrollahzadeh D. Kamangar F. Aghcheli K. et al.Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran.Br J Cancer. 2008; 98: 1857-1863Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 28Dar N.A. Bhat G.A. Shah I.A. et al.Hookah smoking, nass chewing, and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir, India.Br J Cancer. 2012; 107: 1618-1623Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar but the forms of chewed tobacco and the adjuvants used in the preparations vary among countries—a complete picture of the risk will require population-specific estimates. Both exposure intensity and duration have been reported to be relevant for risk of ESCC conveyed by smoking tobacco.13Tran G.D. Sun X.D. Abnet C.C. et al.Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China.Int J Cancer. 2005; 113: 456-463Crossref PubMed Scopus (373) Google Scholar, 20Zendehdel K. Nyren O. Luo J. et al.Risk of gastroesophageal cancer among smokers and users of Scandinavian moist snuff.Int J Cancer. 2008; 122: 1095-1099Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 21Ishiguro S. Sasazuki S. Inoue M. et al.Effect of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and flushing response on esophageal cancer risk: a population-based cohort study (JPHC study).Cancer Lett. 2009; 275: 240-246Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar A detailed analysis of these 2 aspects of exposure showed an inverse delivery rate pattern, whereby for equal pack-years, smoking more cigarettes per day for shorter duration was less harmful than smoking fewer cigarettes per day for longer duration,29Lubin J.H. Cook M.B. Pandeya N. et al.The importance of exposure rate on odds ratios by cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption for esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium.Cancer Epidemiol. 2012; 36: 306-316Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar highlighting the importance of duration and the potential harm that may arise from even very modest-intensity but long-standing tobacco smoking.30Inoue-Choi M. Liao L.M. Reyes-Guzman C. et al.Association of long-term, low-intensity smoking with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study.JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177: 87-95Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Tobacco-specific nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are thought to be the major carcinogenic substances in tobacco. The Shanghai Cohort Study revealed that Chinese smokers were exposed to less tobacco-specific nitrosamines compared with US smokers.31Yershova K. Yuan J.M. Wang R. et al.Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarettes smoked by the participants of the Shanghai Cohort Study.Int J Cancer. 2016; 139: 1261-1269Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar But these investigators also reported that the urinary concentration of N′-nitrosonornicotine was very strongly linked to ESCC risk and implied that this may the causative agent in these tobacco smokers.32Yuan J.M. Knezevich A.D. Wang R. et al.Urinary levels of the tobacco-specific carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine and its glucuronide are strongly associated with esophageal cancer risk in smokers.Carcinogenesis. 2011; 32: 1366-1371Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Alcoholic beverage consumption has been causally linked to ESCC by IARC33International Agency for Research on Cancer. Volume 100E: Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions. International Agency for Research on Cancer, . Lyon, France2012Google Scholar and the World Cancer Research Fund.4Blot W.J. Li J.Y. Some considerations in the design of a nutrition intervention trial in Linxian, People's Republic of China.Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1985; 69: 29-34PubMed Google Scholar Alcohol might increase risk for ESCC because acetaldehyde, a class 1 carcinogen, is the first metabolite of ethanol metabolism.34Ohashi S. Miyamoto S. Kikuchi O. et al.Recent advances from basic and clinical studies of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Gastroenterology. 2015; 149: 1700-1715Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar, 35Liu Y. Chen H. Sun Z. et al.Molecular mechanisms of ethanol-associated oro-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer Lett. 2015; 361: 164-173Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Micro-organisms in oral cavity also produce acetaldehyde from ethanol and could contribute to alcohol’s carcinogenic effects.36Homann N. Jousimies-Somer H. Jokelainen K. et al.High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications.Carcinogenesis. 1997; 18: 1739-1743Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 37Salaspuro M.P. Acetaldehyde, microbes, and cancer of the digestive tract.Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2003; 40: 183-208Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 38Muto M. Hitomi Y. Ohtsu A. et al.Acetaldehyde production by non-pathogenic Neisseria in human oral microflora: implications for carcinogenesis in upper aerodigestive tract.Int J Cancer. 2000; 88: 342-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Alcoholic beverages and other foods39Nieminen M.T. Novak-Frazer L. Collins R. et al.Alcohol and acetaldehyde in African fermented milk mursik—a possible etiologic factor for high incidence of esophageal cancer in western Kenya.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013; 22: 69-75Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar can also contain acetaldehyde, leading to direct exposure without ethanol metabolism. Most epidemiologic studies have confirmed that alcoholic beverages are a risk factor for ESCC in economically developing and developed areas, although their carcinogenic effects vary with degree of consumption. Alcohol consumption increased the risk of ESCC by 1.6-fold to 5.3-fold in Asian countries, including China,40Lin Y. Totsuka Y. He Y. et al.Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China.J Epidemiol. 2013; 23: 233-242Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 41Yu H. Fu C. Wang J. et al.Interaction between XRCC1 polymorphisms and intake of long-term stored rice in the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study.Biomed Environ Sci. 2011; 24: 268-274PubMed Google Scholar, 42Chen J. Zhang N. Wakai T. et al.Effect of the interaction between the amount and duration of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on the risk of esophageal cancer: a case-control study.Exp Ther Med. 2010; 1: 991-997Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar, 43Wu M.T. Lee Y.C. Chen C.J. et al.Risk of betel chewing for oesophageal cancer in Taiwan.Br J Cancer. 2001; 85: 658-660Crossref PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar, 44Lee C.H. Lee J.M. Wu D.C. et al.Independent and combined effects of alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing on the risk of esophageal cancer in Taiwan.Int J Cancer. 2005; 113: 475-482Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar, 45Tai S.Y. Wu I.C. Wu D.C. et al.Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking and esophageal cancer risk in Taiwanese women.World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16: 1518-1521Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 46Wu I.C. Lu C.Y. Kuo F.C. et al.Interaction between cigarette, alcohol and betel nut use on esophageal cancer risk in Taiwan.Eur J Clin Invest. 2006; 36: 236-241Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 47Cheng K.K. Day N.E. Duffy S.W. et al.Pickled vegetables in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in Hong Kong Chinese.Lancet. 1992; 339: 1314-1318Abstract PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Iran,23Nasrollahzadeh D. Kamangar F. Aghcheli K. et al.Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran.Br J Cancer. 2008; 98: 1857-1863Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Japan,40Lin Y. Totsuka Y. He Y. et al.Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China.J Epidemiol. 2013; 23: 233-242Crossref PubMed Google Scholar and India,48Singh V. Singh L.C. Singh A.P. et al.Status of epigenetic chromatin modification enzymes and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in northeast Indian population.Am J Cancer Res. 2015; 5: 979-999PubMed Google Scholar, 49Sankaranarayanan R. Duffy S.W. Padmakumary G. et al.Risk factors for cancer of the oesophagus in Kerala, India.Int J Cancer. 1991; 49: 485-489Crossref PubMed Google Scholar and about 3-fold in Africa50Segal I. Reinach S.G. de Beer M. Factors associated with oesophageal cancer in Soweto, South Africa.Br J Cancer. 1988; 58: 681-686Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 51Pacella-Norman R. Urban M.I. Sitas F. et al.Risk factors for oesophageal, lung, oral and laryngeal cancers in black South Africans.Br J Cancer. 2002; 86: 1751-1756Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 52Dlamini Z. Bhoola K. Esophageal cancer in African blacks of Kwazulu Natal, South Africa: an epidemiological brief.Ethn Dis. 2005; 15: 786-789PubMed Google Scholar, 53Patel K. Wakhisi J. Mining S. et al.Esophageal cancer, the topmost cancer at MTRH in the Rift Valley, Kenya, and its potential risk factors.ISRN Oncol. 2013; 2013503249PubMed Google Scholar and South America.54Almodova E.C. de Oliveira W.K. Machado L.F. et al.Atrophic gastritis: risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Latin-American population.World J Gastroenterol. 2013; 19: 2060-2064Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 55Castelletto R. Castellsague X. Munoz N. et al.Alcohol, tobacco, diet, mate drinking, and esophageal cancer in Argentina.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994; 3: 557-564PubMed Google Scholar, 56Castellsague X. Munoz N. De Stefani E. et al.Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women.Int J Cancer. 1999; 82: 657-664Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 57De Stefani E. Munoz N. Esteve J. et al.Mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, diet, and esophageal cancer in Uruguay.Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 426-431PubMed Google Scholar In many areas with low incid" @default.
• W2749884966 created "2017-08-31" @default.
• W2749884966 creator A5012823292 @default.
• W2749884966 creator A5052103501 @default.
• W2749884966 creator A5079825979 @default.
• W2749884966 date "2018-01-01" @default.
• W2749884966 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2749884966 title "Epidemiology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma" @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1046674253 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1544270045 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1557034259 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1580708360 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1619155508 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1634699770 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1825427788 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1877000782 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1918638475 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1930808984 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1934392702 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1946640880 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1950000258 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1964433032 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1965313511 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1968088989 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1968930524 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1969787322 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1975600230 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1975989949 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1981838998 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1986283748 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1987466914 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1988262886 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1988399301 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1991553184 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1991704009 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1999263116 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1999545300 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W1999575578 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2003751484 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2005638869 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2007801750 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2010039350 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2010158116 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2010993902 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2012440275 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2013912721 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2015345883 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2018853212 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2022220143 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2023087736 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2035531435 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2035577212 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2036463999 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2038450955 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2041354142 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2043666025 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2045966127 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2050205197 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2050305935 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2050503768 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2050533871 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2054531172 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2054768526 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2056893663 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2057282881 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2058198376 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2060712022 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2061606914 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2065782975 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2065823699 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2068336638 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2069304635 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2071673118 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2073222151 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2073793935 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2074419173 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2075263377 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2077929154 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2078751784 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2080800143 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2080812486 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2081405240 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2086584986 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2087031979 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2087686499 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2088528932 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2090822747 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2092444220 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2093774962 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2098819327 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2098907767 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2099526120 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2103245578 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2103417291 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2106640913 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2106758749 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2106878669 @default.
• W2749884966 cites W2108224841 @default.

• next