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• W2751112173 abstract "The original objective of agri-environmental schemes and of ecological focus areas (EFA) was the promotion of wildlife on farms (species protection). Recently, the complementary objective of the promotion of ecosystem services (functions of species) has gained momentum. In this chapter, we summarize the effectiveness of EFA in protecting farmland species and sketch the emergence of the new paradigm of promoting functions of species, based on our experience from Switzerland and in comparison with the policy instruments of the European Union. Actually, whilst in the European Union EFA were introduced in 2015, Switzerland has had this policy measure since 1998. A mid-term evaluation in 2005 concluded that the Swiss EFA scheme was ‘moderately successful’ in halting the loss of farmland biodiversity and promoting species and habitats which are reliant on agricultural management. Although the decline of farmland biodiversity was slowed down in the more intensively managed lowlands, it continued in the lower mountain regions due to ongoing intensification of agricultural management. In the higher mountain regions, the EFA scheme helped maintain traditional farming practices and prevent the abandonment of marginal grasslands. As awareness of the importance of ecosystem services for agricultural production increased, the supporting role of EFA for agricultural production emerged as an additional objective. A farmer-led initiative lobbied for the introduction of flower strips as providers of pollen and nectar. At the same time, agro-ecological research investigated various types of flower strips which promote antagonists of crop and vegetable pests. Hence, in 2015, the administration registered a new type of EFA for the promotion of pollinators and other beneficial arthropods. While, until then, the main instruments to reduce pesticide applications had been regulation of application, agri-environment schemes and cross-compliance as well as support for organic and low-input farming, flower strips may in the future contribute to this aim by helping to keep pest densities below economic thresholds." @default.
• W2751112173 created "2017-09-15" @default.
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• W2751112173 date "2017-08-25" @default.
• W2751112173 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2751112173 title "The Role of Pest Management in Driving Agri‐environment Schemes in Switzerland" @default.
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• W2751112173 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119255574.ch17" @default.
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