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• W27516372 abstract "The surge in bituminous coal overseas exports from less than 25 million tons in 1978 to more than 92 million tons in 1981 is an extraordinary economic development. Although unforeseen, this market appears to be a permanent and dependable one for the years ahead. The market is for steam or thermal coal to generate electric power in western European countries. It is distinct from and in addition to both the Canadian market for steam and metallurgical coal going to electric utility and steel plants and the Japanese market for metallurgical coal. Coal exports to both Canada and Japan have been important to the industry for decades. Annual volumes have varied from year to year, but both markets have been of substantial interest to industry and gov ernment leaders. These traditional markets have offered hope for modest expansion and greater tonnage stability from one year to the next. The European market, however, is basi cally a new one that had offered little hope for either expansion or development until the oil price increases of the past four to five years. In fact, utilities in western Europe, like those in the United States and Canada, had followed a pattern of shifting from coal to oil as a fuel in the generation of electricity. This shift was done for both environmental and comparative-cost reasons. New plants were designed to use oil as the basic fuel. This being the case, little coal was imported by European nations. Therefore, the market change was both unexpected and sudden. Table I shows the declining exports from 1976 through 1978 and the startling in creases in 1979 and 1980. Mining of coal in the United States in creased each year during the 1970s, except for small declines during years of coal strikes. In most instances, output increased in the fields east of the Mississippi River, with larger increases in those west of the Mississippi, especially in the Northern Great Plains states of Montana and Wyoming. While exports to Canada and Japan have not followed a steady increase, prospects for modest future expansion have been en couraging. Sales to Europe, however, had declined to very small volumes as late as 1978, but began to rise in 1979 and exceeded the amounts to either Canada or Japan in 1981. Whether the European market can be re lied upon in future years as a stable rather than an erratic one is the subject of this analysis. Causes of the market growth, fac tors that might become constraints on sup Mr. Campbell is Visiting Professor of Economics and Ms. Dalton is Assistant Professor of Economics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284." @default.
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• W27516372 date "2016-01-01" @default.
• W27516372 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W27516372 title "Coal Exports: A Problem in Energy and Transportation" @default.
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