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• W2754277788 abstract "INTRODUCTIONThe Kepler Mission was a PI-led NASA Discovery mission designed to determine the frequency of Earth-size and larger planets in the habitable zone (HZ) of other stars (i.e., exoplanets); characterize those planets; and explore the diversity of planetary systems. To accomplish these goals, the Mission was designed to find thousands of planets around various star types assuming that planetary systems were common. The Mission results provided data on a wide range of planet and planetary systems orbiting both single and multiple stars of differing sizes, temperatures, and ages. The evolution of the Kepler Mission started in 1983 (Borucki, 2016) and was based on the then-current assumptions about the frequency and structure of planetary systems (i.e., most stars would have a planetary system, and its structure would be similar to our own).Prior to the observations of exoplanet systems orbiting neutron stars (Wolszcan and Frail, 1992) and normal stars (Mayor and Queloz, 1995), a simple paradigm (Cameron, 1962) was often invoked to explain the evolution and structure of our Solar System. According to this paradigm, other planetary systems would be similar to the Solar System in having small rocky planets in inner orbits and large ice- and gas-giant planets at distances of several astronomical units (AU). This paradigm assumed that each planetary system would form from a co-rotating disc of gas and dust that resulted from a collapsing portion of a giant molecular cloud. Rocky planets were expected to occur only near the star because the temperature was too high for non-refractory materials to condense. At farther distances, the temperatures were cool enough to condense volatile materials. Embryonic planets in large orbits would quickly sweep up enough material to become so massive that the hydrogen and helium in the protoplanetary disk would be accreted, thereby producing ice- and gas-giant planets. Because the star and planets formed from the same protoplanetary disk, the planets would lie in a plane that included the stellar equator, and all of the orbits would be prograde (i.e., moving in the same direction as the rotation of the star they orbit). Planets would be found at the location of their formation. Multi-planet systems should be common because they are part of the process of forming stars. Although some of the assumptions in this paradigm are consistent with recent observations, revision and extension of this paradigm are active areas of research (Goldreich, Lithwick, and Sari, 2004; Mordasini, Alibert, and Benz, 2009; Ida and Lin, 2010). The surprises are inspiring new ideas about the processes that control the formation and structure of planetary systems-including our own.The purpose of this paper is to present some of the science results of the Kepler Mission and compare them with what was expected based on the simple paradigm. Descriptions of the instrument and mission design as well as a discussion of the data and their validation are provided in Sections 1 and 2. Section 3 presents the mission results and compares them with the expectations from the paradigm. Section 4 is a summary.1. INSTRUMENT AND MISSION DESIGNTo detect and characterize exoplanets, a space-borne photometer was developed that could continuously measure the brightness of individual stars with the photometric precision necessary to detect Earth-size planets transiting solar-like stars. The photometer searched for the dimming that occurs when an orbiting planet crosses the disk of its star (i.e., as seen by an observer). Because Earth-size planets are so small compared to their star, the dimming is less than 100 parts per million (ppm) for solar-like stars. Operation in space was necessary to avoid the loss of photometric precision due to the variable transmission through the Earth's atmosphere and the loss of transits due to the day/night cycle and weather. Only those planets that have their orbital plane aligned along the line of sight from the observer to the star can show transits. …" @default.
• W2754277788 created "2017-09-25" @default.
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• W2754277788 date "2017-03-01" @default.
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• W2754277788 title "Kepler: A Brief Discussion of the Mission and Exoplanet Results" @default.
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