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• W275862390 abstract "ON APRIL 17, 1873, THE EASTERN ARKANSAS COUNTY OF LEE was created from parts of Phillips, St. Francis, Monroe, and Crittenden Counties. Democratic planters and merchants around Marianna, the new county seat, had lobbied hard for the creation of the county, weathering strong opposition from politicians and newspaper editors in Helena. The proposed county had gone through a number of name changes before the state legislature finally chose to honor Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Ironically, the chief champion, supporter, and sponsor of the new Lee County was not a Democrat but an African-American (mulatto) Republican representative from Phillips County by the name of William Mines Furbush.1 His would be one of the most complicated, colorful, and revealing political careers in nineteenth-century Arkansas, yet when Furbush is remembered at all, his story comes freighted with error and myth.2 At the time Lee County was created, political power in Furbush's district (originally composed of Phillips and Monroe Counties), and in the Arkansas delta generally, was sharply divided along racial and party lines. The district had an African-American majority that strongly supported Republican candidates. Its largest county, Phillips, had an African-American population (10,501) over twice the size of the white population (4,871).3 However, despite that numerical majority, Republican domination began to wane as Reconstruction came to a close in the early 1870s, and Furbush, like some other African-American Republican leaders in Lee and Phillips Counties, found it expedient to make new alliances with Democrats. The demise of Reconstruction thus altered the dynamics of Republicans' and Democrats' struggle for political control in the region. For Democrats, control was aimed at establishing a racial hierarchy reminiscent of antebellum days and insuring their future economic security. For the African-American freedmen, continued political success could insure a future of freedom and greater economic independence for themselves, their families, and subsequent generations. In short, the struggle for political power would chart the path of economic and social development in the region. The strength of Republican political power lay in superior numbers. African-American majorities in delta counties, like Phillips and Lee, created the potential for black rule. Democrats' power was derived from their economic roles as landowners, employers, creditors, and merchants, and their connections in the national and international economy.4 This economic authority gave Democrats enormous opportunities to control African-American labor and leaders as well as the ability to sponsor political events that legitimated and reinforced their social position.5 Violent power struggles might be avoided, though, if both Republicans and Democrats were willing to cooperate and make political concessions. Fusion, a post-Reconstruction political compromise based on powersharing agreements between Republicans and Democrats, emerged in a number of delta communities, including Furbush's newly minted Lee County.6 By prior arrangement, each party would field uncontested candidates for certain political offices. Although Democrats thus made concessions and shared power with Republicans, their economic supremacy won them the right to name their men to some of their county's most powerful offices. In Jefferson County during the 188Os and early 189Os, Democrats were allotted the positions of county judge, a clerk, assessor, and state senator, and Republicans named the sheriff, a clerk, and the two representatives to the statehouse. Lee County by 1874 had a similar arrangement. Republicans nominated the sheriff, coroner, assessor, and at least one of the representatives, while Democrats nominated the judge, clerk, treasurer, and, possibly, the surveyor (see Table 1, p. 162).7 Fusion in Lee County lasted until 1878 with varying levels of support from Democrats, and W. …" @default.
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• W275862390 date "2004-07-01" @default.
• W275862390 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
• W275862390 title "William Hines Furbush: African-American Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist, and Democrat" @default.
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