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- W2759114946 abstract "Abstract Due to time delay of muscles to be activated, muscle activation is considered to have no significant effects on occupant motion or injury outcomes from high-speed impacts. However, due to the advanced technology that has been developed in recent years, active safety equipment reduces the velocity at which the human body is impacted. In such low-speed impacts, the impact duration increases, and therefore muscle activation has significant effects on occupant motions and injury outcomes. Thus, inclusion of active muscles is critical in modeling of the human body for injury prediction. Muscles have two primary characteristic properties in mechanics: passive and active. The passive property is tensile when the muscle is extended in the direction of the muscle fibers and compressive in the direction orthogonal to the fibers. Contractile elements are used to represent muscles that are activated. In this chapter, we outline the anatomical structures and physiological functions of passive and active muscles and how the muscles can be modeled. This chapter also describes the application of muscle models for injury biomechanics and how the muscle can be activated in simulations. The primary focus is on injury during automotive accidents." @default.
- W2759114946 created "2017-10-06" @default.
- W2759114946 creator A5060645976 @default.
- W2759114946 date "2018-01-01" @default.
- W2759114946 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W2759114946 title "Modeling Passive and Active Muscles" @default.
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- W2759114946 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809831-8.00011-8" @default.
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