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• W276031880 abstract "I. THE WTO CONSULTATION PROCESS The WTO dispute process starts when a WTO-Member government formally requests WTO consultations with another Member. Frequently, formal WTO consultations follow unsuccessful efforts to resolve a dispute through normal bilateral diplomatic efforts. The consultation request must be in writing, identify the measures of the other Member that are being challenged, and provide indication of the legal basis for the complaint (i.e., the provisions of one or more of the substantive WTO agreements that the Member has allegedly violated).(1) A Member must submit the request to the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) and to the relevant substantive WTO Councils and Committees to inform all of the dispute.(2) Many WTO consultations involve only the complaining and responding Members. However, the DSU permits complaints by multiple Members, and there are procedures by which third parties with a substantial trade interest in the dispute can seek to participate.(3) The responding Member must respond to a request for consultations within ten days and must agree to begin consulting within thirty days.(4) If the consultations fail to produce a mutually satisfactory resolution within sixty days of the submission of the request (or a shorter period where the two parties mutually agree that the consultations have failed), the complaining Member may, at any time thereafter, either request establishment of a dispute panel, or use the flexible arbitration procedures of the DSU.(5) By mutual agreement, the parties also may seek to resolve their differences through conciliation, or mediation.(6) To date, few have resorted to these alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and no disputes have been resolved as a result of their use. II. INTENDED ROLE OF CONSULTATION, GOOD OFFICES, CONCILIATION, AND MEDIATION The DSU describes the dispute system as [A] central element in providing security and predictability to the multilateral trading system.(7) It adds that prompt settlement of disputes is essential to the effective functioning of the WTO and the maintenance of a proper balance between the rights and obligations of Members.(8) The drafters of the DSU viewed consultations (and good offices, conciliation, and mediation) as much more than mere formalities and way stations to resolution of the dispute by a panel or the WTO Appellate Body. Indeed, [a] solution mutually acceptable to the parties to a dispute and consistent with the covered agreements is clearly to be preferred.(9) Moreover, [i]t is understood that requests for conciliation ... should not be intended or considered as contentious acts and that, if a dispute arises, all will engage in these procedures in good faith in an effort to resolve the dispute.(10) With regard to consultations, Members affirm their resolve to strengthen and improve the effectiveness of the consultation procedures employed by Members.(11) Further, before resorting to further action under this Understanding, should attempt to obtain satisfactory adjustment of the matter.(12) In addition to consultations, resort to which is mandatory, the DSU provides for voluntary use of three other mechanisms long available in international disputes.(13) In a third party (in this case the WTO Director-General) provides a means by which the disputing parties may communicate with each other. In conciliation, an impartial third party undertakes an independent investigation and suggests a solution to the dispute. In mediation, an impartial third party acts to bring about a resolution of the dispute. The purpose of these three mechanisms is to assist to settle a dispute.(14) The mechanisms may be requested (and terminated) at any time during a dispute, even when a panel proceeding is in progress.(15) It is thus clear that the drafters of the WTO sought to promote and enhance the resolution of disputes without the need for the intercession of a Panel or the Appellate Body. …" @default.
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• W276031880 date "2000-03-22" @default.
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• W276031880 title "Operation of Consultations, Deterrence, and Mediation" @default.
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