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- W2762899327 startingPage "117" @default.
- W2762899327 abstract "Super-continuum (SC) lasers combine the broadband attributes of lamps with the spatial coherence and high brightness of lasers. By exploiting a modulational instability (MI)-initiated SC mechanism, an all-fiber-integrated SC laser with no moving parts is demonstrated using commercial off-the-shelf components in a simple architecture. The dominant mechanism for the long-wavelength expansion of the SC is based on the Raman effect in the fiber. Since the Raman effect is self-phase matched, the long-wavelength edge of the SC spectrum can fill the transparency band of the SC generation fiber for sufficient fiber length and/or peak power. On the other hand, the short-wavelength edge of the SC can be determined by nonlinear processes such as four-wave mixing, which may require phase matching and appropriate group velocity dispersion. The fiber laser architecture is a platform where SC in the visible, near-infrared, or mid-wave infrared can be generated by appropriate selection of the amplifier technology and the SC generation fiber. Using fused silica fiber for SC generation, different SC light sources are demonstrated that range in wavelength from ∼470 to ∼2500 nm with time-averaged output powers as high as 64 W, thus simultaneously covering parts of the visible spectrum, near-infrared spectrum, and much of the short-wave infrared spectrum. To extend the wavelength further into the mid-wave infrared, fluoride fibers have been used for SC generation. As an example, mid-wave infrared SC lasers based on ZBLAN fiber have been developed that generate SC covering the spectral range from 0.8 to 4.5 microns. One version of the SC is based on an erbium/ytterbium power amplifier, while a second version of the SC is based on a thulium-doped power amplifier. The long-wavelength edge of the SC can be further extended into the mid-wavelength out to 5.5 microns and into the long-wave infrared to beyond 12 microns by using softer glasses, such as fluorides (e.g., indium fluoride), tellurites, and chalcogenides (e.g., sulfides and selenides). SC lasers can be advantageous in a number of applications in defense, homeland security, spectroscopy, additive manufacturing, and healthcare. In defense and homeland security, the SC mid-wave infrared spectrum can emulate the black body radiation of hot objects and overlaps with the vibrational and rotational resonances in many solids. One key application is that the SC spectrum can be used to identify targets based on their chemical composition. For example, 5 W and 64 W short-wave infrared SC lasers have been used as broadband illuminators in active remote sensing and hyper-spectral imaging. At 5 W the beam can interrogate samples 1.6 km away, but the camera may have to be adjacent to the sample. However, when the SC laser power is increased to 64 W, samples can be interrogated with the SC laser and the camera located 1.4 km away. Beyond providing sunlight equivalent illumination over a square meter area, the SC laser also permits change detection and ranging even at the 1.4 km distance. Mid-wave infrared SC lasers have also been used for stand-off detection of solid targets. In another exemplary application, additive manufacturing or 3D printing of plastics can advantageously use SC lasers to be plastic material independent and produce stronger samples due to more uniform heating. In medical and healthcare applications, short-wave and mid-wave infrared SC lasers can be used to perform diagnostics and therapeutics. This is because the carbon-hydrogen bonds that are the main building blocks of many biological materials have their fundamental, overtone, and combinational bands in this wavelength range. For example, a mid-wave infrared SC source has been used to perform atherosclerotic plaque detection and to cause preferential damage to lipids. Another example of medical diagnostics is the use of short-wave infrared SC sources to perform noninvasive glucose monitoring. For instance, glucose solutions down to 1 mg/dL based on the C-H combinational bands have been measured, which shows that the SC source increases the signal-to-noise ratio by >50× compared with lamps. As the SC sources mature in technology and become more widely commercially available, many more applications should be realized due to the unique attributes of SC lasers, which have the bandwidth of lamps with the coherent spatial beam of a laser. The MI-initiated SC sources also provide advantages of an all-fiber-integrated, no-moving-parts light source that can be cost-effective and reliable and that uses commercial off-the-shelf components from the mature fiber-optic industry." @default.
- W2762899327 created "2017-10-20" @default.
- W2762899327 creator A5058459271 @default.
- W2762899327 date "2017-01-01" @default.
- W2762899327 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2762899327 title "Infrared Super-continuum Light Sources and Their Applications" @default.
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