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- W276386931 abstract "Title: Intermediates and the Folding of Proteins L and G Authors: Scott Brown † and Teresa Head-Gordon* Department of Bioengineering University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 Keywords: Intermediates, Kinetic mechanism, Protein L and G, minimalist model, protein folding Abstract. We use a minimalist protein model, in combination with a sequence design strategy, to determine differences in primary structure for proteins L and G that are responsible for the two proteins folding through distinctly different folding mechanisms. We find that the folding of proteins L and G are consistent with a nucleation-condensation mechanism, each of which is described as helix-assisted β−1 and β−2 hairpin formation, respectively. We determine that the model for protein G exhibits an early intermediate that precedes the rate-limiting barrier of folding and which draws together misaligned secondary structure elements that are stabilized by hydrophobic core contacts involving the third β−strand, and presages the later transition state in which the correct strand alignment of these same secondary structure elements is restored. Finally the validity of the targeted intermediate ensemble for protein G was analyzed by fitting the kinetic data to a two-step first order reversible reaction, proving that protein G folding involves an on-pathway early intermediate, and should be populated and therefore observable by experiment. Current address: Abbott Laboratories, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000 Introduction While thermodynamics and kinetics of small proteins that fold via a two-state manner are reasonably well-understood (Daggett & Fersht, 2003a; Gruebele, 2002b; Myers & Oas, 2002), understanding how (and why!) proteins fold through intermediates will be especially relevant for larger proteins, more complicated topologies, and their possible connection to aggregation processes that are responsible for disease(Speed et al., 1997). Some of the open questions surrounding intermediates include the detection of the so-called “hidden” intermediates by kinetic experiments, whether intermediates can occur earlier than the rate-limiting step in folding, i.e. do free energy barriers that precede the rate-limiting nucleation barrier of the folding reaction exist, and if they are “off-pathway” and therefore obstruct the functionally important progress of folding (Gruebele, 2002a; Ozkan et al., 2002; Qin et al., 2002; Sanchez & Kiefhaber, 2003a). This work examines the question of intermediates by simulating the folding of two members of the ubiquitin fold class, Ig-binding proteins L and G. Proteins L and G make excellent targets for theoretical study as their folding attributes have been extensively studied by experiment (Gu et al., 1997; Gu et al., 1995; Kim et al., 2000; Krantz et al., 2002; McCallister et al., 2000; Park et al., 1997; Park et al., 1999; Scalley et al., 1997). These two single-domain proteins have little sequence identity and but identical fold topologies, consisting of a central α−helix packed against a four-strand β−sheet composed of two β−hairpins. Experimental evidence indicates that protein L folds in a two-state manner through a transition state ensemble involving a native-like β- hairpin 1, and largely disrupted β-hairpin 2(Gu et al., 1997; Kim et al., 2000; Scalley et al., 1997). Protein G on the other hand, folds through a possible early intermediate (Park et al., 1997; Park et al., 1999; Speed et al., 1997), followed by a rate-limiting step that involves formation of β-hairpin 2. They therefore provide a perfect contrast to understand features that give rise to protein folding intermediates, while controlling for size and topology. There have been a number of recent simulations of coarse-grained models of proteins L and/or G using different forms of minimalist models(Head-Gordon & Brown, 2003). Shimada and Shakhnovich have used ensemble dynamics to characterize the kinetics of protein G using an all-atom Gō potential(Shimada & Shakhnovich, 2002). Karanicolas and Brooks use a Gō potential bead model supplemented with sequence-dependent MJ statistical potentials to differentiate the folding of G and L(Karanicolas & Brooks, 2002). They found the origin of asymmetry in the folding of protein L and G to be in concurrence with that found by Nauli and co-workers (Nauli et al., 2001), who used a computer-based design strategy to reengineer the protein G sequence to include more stabilizing interactions for the first beta-hairpin turn, producing a protein more faithful to the mechanism of folding for protein L. Our recent work, inspired by early efforts of Thirumalai and co-workers (Guo & Thirumalai, 1996; Guo et al., 1992; Honeycutt & Thirumalai, 1990), develops physics-based potentials which make the connection between free energy landscapes and amino acid sequence, allowing us to engineer sequences that" @default.
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- W276386931 title "Intermediates and the folding of proteins L and G" @default.
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