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• W2765268229 abstract "New Urbanism and the Environment ANNE WHISTON SPIRN The Charter of the New Urbanism begins with the following statement: The Congress for the New Urbanism views disinvest- ment in central cities, the spread of placeless sprawl, increasing separation by race and income, environmen- tal deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilder- ness, and the erosion of society’s built heritage as one interrelated community-building challenge. 1 Calling attention to the direct link between exurban development and disinvestment in inner cities is the most important contribution of the Congress for the New Urbanism ( CNU ), from an environmental perspec- tive. The insight itself is not new; others, such as Patrick Geddes, Brian Berry and myself have highlighted this connection. raphy,” “coastlines”). This leads to nonsense like the following statement: “Metropolitan regions are finite places with geographic boundaries derived from topography, watersheds, coastlines, farmlands, regional parks and river basins.” 3 A watershed is a territory shaped by water flowing. A watershed may be as small as a single neighborhood, or it may encompass a chunk of a continent and multi- ple metropolitan regions, such as that of the Chesa- peake Bay, Mississippi River or Columbia River. Geographic boundaries are shaped by processes— social, economic, cultural, political and natural. Focusing on natural features rather than the processes that shape and structure them has conse- quences: the failure to accommodate dynamic change in the natural environment, the failure to make con- nections among seemingly unrelated elements and issues, the failure to recognize that not all traditional settlement patterns should be repeated and the fail- ure to realize opportunities. Take the example of water flowing and, in the process, shaping and structuring rivers, floodplains, watersheds and their topographies. Seen from this per- spective, the drainage system of a neighborhood, city or region consists of not only the channels officially designated for storm water flow, but also all the other surfaces and water reservoirs within a watershed: roofs, roads and parking lots; gardens, parks and forests; soil, plants and valley bottoms. Water flow is changing, not constant, and flood- plains are zones of dynamic change, places where water rises and falls, pools and seeps. Burying a stream in a sewer and filling in the floodplain does not elimi- nate many of the floodplain’s characteristic qualities. Understanding floodplain processes is as germane to CNU members have persuaded developers that there is a profit to be made in infill development. They have demonstrated that if designers and planners aspire to be more than mere tools of prevailing market forces and public policies, they must redesign the processes that regulate the conception, construction and mainte- nance of the built environment. But have they achieved the environmental goals spelled out in the charter? Sometimes, but often not. And do these goals go far enough? No. Despite seemingly good intentions, the charter reveals a fundamental lack of understanding of how natural processes shape cities, towns and regions. This can lead to actions that contradict or undermine the stated goals, and result in missed opportunities. While the language of the charter naturalizes the processes of growth and development as inevitable, it tends to render natural processes mainly as static arti- facts. For example, almost all references to the natural environment are nouns (“climate,” “ecology”, “topog- PLACES 13:2" @default.
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• W2765268229 date "2000-10-01" @default.
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• W2765268229 title "New Urbanism and the Environment [The Promise of New Urbanism]" @default.
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