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- W2765540943 abstract "Introduction What arc the research and development costs required to find new drugs for tropical diseases? That question is the subject of this paper, which explores the current state of knowledge on how much it would cost to develop new medicines specifically for use in low- and medium-income countries. The question's relevance follows from the recognition that despite the fact that 90 percent of the global disease burden occurs in the tropics, only about 5 percent of global health research and development investment is directed at reducing that burden/' (Godal, p. 1864) Bui of course what is required are not merely expenditures on research and development but rather new drugs to reduce the burden of disease. The essential question is how much additional research and development expenditures are needed for that objective. This issue is critical for the question of costs: imitative or me too drugs • - - generally cost much less to develop than major breakthroughs. While new drugs are needed, they arc not all the same. It is* therefore not sufficient simply to examine average costs per new drug without considering their therapeutic benefits. The Concept of Research Costs The cost of any activity is the minimum level of expenditures required to achieve a particular result. They represent non-discretionary expenditures that are incurred to achieve a certain result. When this definition is applied to the production of a specific product, the concept is clear, but unfortunately, the clarity dissipates when applied to activities that have a large discretionary component, such as research and development. Because uncertainty levels are particularly high in research efforts, there is considerable discretion as to how much should be spent on particular activities. It is therefore" @default.
- W2765540943 created "2017-11-10" @default.
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- W2765540943 date "1999-01-01" @default.
- W2765540943 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2765540943 title "The Pharmaceutical Research and Development Process, and its Costs - eScholarship" @default.
- W2765540943 hasPublicationYear "1999" @default.
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