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• W2765609747 endingPage "1183" @default.
• W2765609747 startingPage "1173" @default.
• W2765609747 abstract "Optimizing the nitrogen (N) application rate can increase crop yield while reducing the environmental risks. However, the optimal N rates vary substantially when different targets such as maximum yield or maximum economic benefit are considered. Taking the wheat-maize rotation cropping system on the North China Plain as a case study, we quantified the variation of N application rates when targeting constraints on yield, economic performance, N uptake and N utilization, by conducting field experiments between 2011 and 2013. Results showed that the optimal N application rate was highest when targeting N uptake (240 kg ha− 1 for maize, and 326 kg ha− 1 for wheat), followed by crop yield (208 kg ha− 1 for maize, and 277 kg ha− 1 for wheat) and economic income (191 kg ha− 1 for maize, and 253 kg ha− 1 for wheat). If environmental costs were considered, the optimal N application rates were further reduced by 20–30% compared to those when targeting maximum economic income. However, the optimal N rate, with environmental cost included, may result in soil nutrient mining under maize, and an extra input of 43 kg N ha− 1 was needed to make the soil N balanced and maintain soil fertility in the long term. To obtain a win-win situation for both yield and environment, the optimal N rate should be controlled at 179 kg ha− 1 for maize, which could achieve above 99.5% of maximum yield and have a favorable N balance, and at 202 kg ha− 1 for wheat to achieve 97.4% of maximum yield, which was about 20 kg N ha− 1 higher than that when N surplus was nil. Although these optimal N rates vary on spatial and temporal scales, they are still effective for the North China Plain where 32% of China's total maize and 45% of China's total wheat are produced. More experiments are still needed to determine the optimal N application rates in other regions. Use of these different optimal N rates would contribute to improving the sustainability of agricultural development in China." @default.
• W2765609747 created "2017-11-10" @default.
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• W2765609747 date "2018-03-01" @default.
• W2765609747 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W2765609747 title "Optimizing the nitrogen application rate for maize and wheat based on yield and environment on the Northern China Plain" @default.
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• W2765609747 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.183" @default.
• W2765609747 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29054672" @default.
• W2765609747 hasPublicationYear "2018" @default.
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