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- W2765693573 abstract "Unconventional fuels may present a viable partial replacement for conventional fossil fuelreservoirs (such as sandstone and limestone) in rocks onshore and offshore. Thesealternative fuels are obtained from distinct sources and employ extraction technologieswhich are very different to those used to extract conventional hydrocarbons.Oil sands (also known as tar sands or bituminous sands) are loose sand or partiallyconsolidated sandstone containing viscous bitumen. Resources occur in Canada, Kazakhstanand Russia and estimated worldwide deposits represent 2500 billion barrels of oil in place.Oil sands have only recently been considered to be part of the world's oil reserves, as higheroil prices and new technology enable profitable extraction and processing. Converting oilsands to liquid fuels requires energy for steam injection and refining.Methane from coal includes gas recovered from active (coal mine methane or CMM) andabandoned mines (abandoned mine methane or AMM), as well as methane recovered from undisturbed or ‘virgin’ coal seams (usually known as coal bed methane or CBM). Gas fromthese sources is already produced on a modest scale and exploration is ongoing for furtherprospects. Gas can also be derived from coal by combustion of underground coal seams insitu to produce synthetic gas (‘syngas’). This process is usually known as 'underground coalgasification' (UCG). This technology is also in its infancy both in terms of engineering thesubsurface process and in the understanding of subsurface and surface environmentalimpacts. Methane hydrates (methane gas trapped in ‘cages’ of water molecules, resembling ice) havebeen recovered from, or are postulated for, virtually all marine shallow sedimentcontinental margins around the world and a few areas onshore. Volumes of about 2 x1014m3 methane in‐place have been estimated for this potential resource. To quantifyreserve potential and to identify suitable methods of methane extraction, a fullunderstanding of how hydrates are held within sediments is required.A less well known unconventional fuel is subsurface hydrogen. Small flows of hydrogennaturally occur in some mines and in deep oceans associated with abiogenic and biogenicmethane, nitrogen and helium. The main geological environment that is promising forexploration is the tectonic remnants of ancient ocean floor known as ophiolites. The mainaccessible onshore areas are where ophiolites are found tectonically emplaced within foldbelts.Though unconventional fuels represent an enormous resource overall, some of thetechnology is immature and many of the environmental impacts of their exploitation areunknown. Apart from subsurface hydrogen, all are hydrocarbons and thus are constrained intheir use in countries which may limit carbon emissions either now or in the future." @default.
- W2765693573 created "2017-11-10" @default.
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- W2765693573 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W2765693573 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2765693573 title "Five unconventional fuels: geology and environment" @default.
- W2765693573 hasPublicationYear "2014" @default.
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