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• W2765883901 abstract "C O M M E N T Terrorist Attacks and Transport Systems I N C R E A S I N G LY F R E Q U E N T and deadly bombings of As such, the logic of defining both the problem and pro- public transit systems have put transportation officials posed policy solutions in terms of transportation, or in this around the world on edge. Buses and trains in London, case public transit, is clear. Madrid, Moscow, Paris, Tokyo, and dozens of other cities But when crowds are the target, which is increasingly have been the unlucky sites for terrorist attacks in recent the case in recent suicide bomb attacks, defining the prob- years. Such attacks, quite understandably, have prompted lem and its solutions in terms of transportation may be a calls here in the US and overseas for increased efforts to mistake. Airports, rail stations, and bus and ferry terminals make public transit systems safe from terrorists. Such calls all congregate large numbers of people in small, often assume, of course, that public transit systems, or trans- enclosed spaces, making them attractive targets for terror- portation and infrastructure systems more broadly, are the ists. But such crowding is in no way unique to transporta- focus of the problem and the appropriate venue for policy- tion stations and terminals. Skyscrapers, shopping malls, making and action. The solution, we are told, is transit secu- concerts, and sporting events likewise assemble large rity. But are these recent bus and subway bombings a numbers of people in small spaces—as do major celebra- transportation problem, or something much broader? tions (like the 4th of July on the Mall in Washington, DC) Acts of terrorism intersect with transportation systems in three ways: • When transportation is the means by which a terrorist attack is executed; • When transportation is the end, or target, of a terrorist attack; or • When the crowds that many transportation modes generate are the focus of a terrorist attack. and parades (like the Tournament of Roses on New Year’s Day). Even if it were possible to completely close and secure public transit systems, there would remain a con- siderable number of potential venues for tragic and devas- tating attacks on large crowds of people. While public transit systems may currently be a favored venue of terror- ists in search of crowds to attack, one cannot assume that securing or eliminating crowds on public transit would in any way end or even mitigate such attacks. This is important because attempting to close and Examples of transportation as the means of a terrorist secure public transit systems “airline-style” would strike a attack include the use of cars, buses, or trains to convey devastating blow to an industr y already buffeted by explosives, or when they are used as weapons—like on decades of competition with private vehicles. Public transit September 11th. Examples of transportation as the end of a networks remain the lifeblood of the central parts of the terrorist attack include attacks on bridges or tunnels to oldest, largest US cities; these places, and movement in disrupt transit, railroad, or highway operations, exact them, would change forever should open, accessible tran- economic costs (but not necessarily human casualties), and sit systems be “secured.” attract attention; this describes the IRA bombing campaign Public assembly is a defining characteristic of free and against transit targets in England and Northern Ireland open civil societies, and the consequences of closing, secur- between the early-1970s and mid-1990s. In each of these ing, or eliminating large gatherings of people—on public cases, the unique characteristics of transportation (and transit systems, in shopping malls, or at parades—reach other infrastructure) networks define many aspects of well beyond the transportation sector and into the very the attacks, emergency response, and system protection. heart of civil society. —Brian D. Taylor Brian D. Taylor is director of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, L os Angeles (btaylor@ucla.edu)." @default.
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