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• W2765967415 abstract "On the Types, Frequency, Uses and Characteristics of Meta-language in Conversation Michael L. Anderson (anderson@cs.umd.edu) Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland; College Park, MD 20742 USA Bryant Lee, Jon Go, Shuda Li, Ben Sutandio and LuoYan Zhou University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 USA the apparent comprehension of their interlocutor, routinely eliciting and providing feedback as the con- versation continues [Brennan, 1998, Brennan, 2000, Brennan and Hulteen, 1995, Cahn and Brennan, 1999, Clark and Schaefer, 1987, Clark and Schaefer, 1989, Clark and Brennan, 1991, Krahmer et al., 2001, Paek and Horvitz, 1999, Traum, 1994]. The feed- back might be as simple as “Got it?”, eliciting a simple “yes”, or as complex as “Wait. I don’t think I understand the concept of hidden variables”, which could result in a long digression. Dialog annotation schemes generally recognize this fact by providing markers for utterances aimed at task and conversation management, as well as for such things as overtures and accep- tances (see e.g. [Allen and Core, 1997]). There also exist annotation schemes specifically for dia- log clarifications [Purver, 2002, Purver et al., 2002, Heeman and Allen, 1994], as well as schemes for anno- tating self-correction in spoken dialog [Bear et al., 1992, Core and Schubert, 1998, Heeman and Allen, 1994]. However, there are currently no schemes or studies which focus on meta-language in particular, nor on the full range of meta-linguistic behavior in conversation. Given the apparent importance of meta-language to human conversation, and the hypothesis that conversational adequacy requires facility with meta- reasoning and meta-language [Anderson et al., 2002, Anderson et al., 2003, Perlis et al., 1998], we have begun to address this lacuna. Abstract Human dialog is a highly collaborative and interactive process, that includes the ability to talk about the di- alog itself and its linguistic constituents, and to use meta-linguistic interactions to help coordinate the on- going conversation. However, very little is known about the frequency and conditions under which people resort to meta-language, its range of uses, and any character- istics that may be useful to its automated identifica- tion. This paper presents the results of a corpus study in which a markup scheme for meta-language was ap- plied to a sub-set of the British National Corpus. The corpus study made it possible to demonstrate that sen- tences containing meta-language show a high degree of correlation with instances of dialog management, and that automated detection of meta-language should be feasible, based on word-frequency analysis. Introduction and Background It is well-established that meta-linguistic skills play an important role in language learning, for instance in talk- ing about the meanings, spellings, and proper use of words [Clark and Schaefer, 1989]. Researchers also be- lieve that the ability to engage in meta-language is nec- essary for the adult ability to engage in free and flexi- ble conversation, and more importantly, that a robust meta-dialogic ability can make up for weaknesses in other areas of linguistic ability [Perlis et al., 1998]. For this reason, we think that time spent understanding meta-language, and implementing meta-linguistic skills in natural-language HCI systems, will be well rewarded; the ability to engage in even simple meta-language can be used to fruitfully enhance the performance of interac- tive systems, even those having relatively limited speech- recognition and language-processing abilities. The work described here is part of a larger project involving the development of viable natural-language computer inter- faces with the ability to engage in meta-language, and thereby with some of the flexibility that meta-language provides to human conversation. Natural language is complex and ambiguous, and communication for this reason always con- tains an element of uncertainty. To manage this uncertainty, dialog partners continually monitor their conversations, their own comprehension, and Three Studies of Meta-language In this paper we report the results of three related stud- ies. The first was the development of an annotation scheme for meta-language, which was then applied to a 59 file sub-set of the British National Corpus (BNC). The second was a small study that used the results of this annotation for three selected BNC files, and correlated meta-language with instances of dialog management, producing results that confirmed the hypothesis that meta-language is frequently involved in dialog manage- ment. The third study analyzed the differences between sentences that contain meta-language and sentences that" @default.
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• W2765967415 title "On the Types, Frequency, Uses and Characteristics of Meta-language in Conversation" @default.
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