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- W2767360432 abstract "Psychology in the Schools, Vol. 40(1), 2003 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. DOI: 10.1002/pits.10068 BEYOND PARENTS AND PEERS: THE ROLE OF IMPORTANT NON-PARENTAL ADULTS (VIPS) IN ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES CHUANSHENG CHEN, ELLEN GREENBERGER, AND SUSAN FARRUGGIA University of California–Irvine KEVIN BUSH University of Georgia QI DONG Beijing Normal University To understand cross-cultural differences and similarities in the social contexts for adolescent development, 201 American and 502 Chinese 11th graders were surveyed about a non-parental adult who had played an important role in their lives (VIPs). Results showed that, compared to adolescents’ VIPs in the United States, their Chinese counterparts were more likely to be teach- ers, to provide support in education-related areas, and to be considered role models. Chinese VIPs were also reported to exhibit fewer problem behaviors and depressive symptoms and express a higher level of sanctions against adolescent problem behaviors than American VIPs. Adoles- cents in both cultures reported that their VIPs’ positive qualities surpassed those of parents and peers. VIPs’ characteristics (e.g., sanctions, problem behavior, warmth, and depressed mood) were significantly associated with adolescent outcomes. These results suggest that although there are cross-cultural differences in the nature of VIPs, VIPs are a very important part of social context for adolescent development in both the United States and China. © 2003 Wiley Peri- odicals, Inc. The importance of social contexts for child and adolescent development has been well- recognized (Steinberg, 1999). Although most of the research has focused on family and peers, a small but slowly growing literature has pointed to the importance of several other social contexts. For example, research during the past two decades (e.g., Greenberger & Steinberg, 1986; Mor- timer et al., 1996) has clearly demonstrated the importance of the workplace for adolescent devel- opment (e.g., achievement and deviance). Other researchers have studied school contexts and their effects on adolescents’ achievement and adjustment (e.g., Blum, McNeely, & Rinehart, 2002; Eccles et al., 1993, 1996; Simmons & Blyth, 1987). Still other researchers have focused on neigh- borhoods as social contexts and found the powerful effects of factors such as poverty and crime on adolescent development (Jencks & Mayer, 1990; Brooks-Gunn et al., 1997). Researchers also have treated leisure activities as a social context and examined their effects on adolescents’ cog- nitive and social development (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi & Kleiber, 1991; Eccles & Barber, 1999; Fine et al., 1990). Finally, researchers have examined the role of mentors in adolescents’ occupa- tional development (e.g., Hamilton, 1990; Levinson, 1978) and in their general psychosocial devel- opment (e.g., Tierney, Grossman, & Resch, 1995). In contrast to research that has focused on socially-defined extrafamilial contexts such as work, school, and neighborhoods, another approach to the study of adolescent development is to focus on the subjective social contexts that adolescents deem important. Using this approach, we (Beam et al., 2002; Greenberger et al., 1998) have recently shown that many adolescents report having a non-parental adult who plays the role of VIP. VIPs—non-parental adults who have had a significant influence on the adolescent and on whom the adolescent can rely for support—come from many different socially-defined contexts: extended family members, teachers, employers, Correspondence to: Chuansheng Chen, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, 3340 Social Ecology II, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697–7085. E-mail: cschen@uci.edu" @default.
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- W2767360432 title "The role of non-parental adults in adolescent development in China and the United States" @default.
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