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• W276757366 abstract "After the diffusion from the Icmesa plant of the toxic cloud on 10th July 1976, there was a mobilization of the Public Authorities and the Italian Scientific organizations, especially the ones in Lombardy. Among the committees that were created during the emergency, one can mention the followings: for Reclaiming, for the Chemical (and Statistical) Analysis, for Research, for Epidemiology, Toxicology etc., etc. The task of fixing acceptable limits, that is, of establishing the first“Risk Assessment” for TCDD in the soil in the Brianza area of Seveso, was carried out by Technicians and Scientists of several committees, with the constant supervision of the Regional Authorities and the cooperation of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità — I.S.S. — of Rome (National Health Institute). The basic criteria were simple: From the above criteria, the acceptable amounts on the various matrixes were assessed: land, inside of housing, equipment and others as listed in the text of the Regional Law for Seveso. The defining of the risk areas was thus carried out taking into account only the contaminations found in the soil and measured on couples of samples (carrots), extracted by means of steel cylinders having a diam. of 7 cm and penetrating into the soil for about 7 cm. From then onwards and for all operations relative to the reclaiming and rechecking, reference was made to the unit μg/m2, always intending a square surface of soil having 1 meter long sides and 7 cm deep. The conversion from μg/m2 to the most commonly accepted ppt (weight of contaminating agent by weight of soil) is obtained to a good approximation by multiplying the number of μg/m2 by factor 8 and therefore: Agricultural land — limit by law 0,75 μg/m2=6 ppt Non agricultural land — limit by law 5.00 μg/m2=40 ppt Limit for evacuating population 50.00 μg/m2=−400 ppt It is surprising to note the difference between the Regional limit in Lombardy for evacuation especially considering all the economic and social consequences deriving from such action, and the limit “of concern” — but not yet of intervention — indicated by the Sanitary Control Authority of the United States (Center for Disease Control), which is 1 ppb=1000 ppt, that is 2,5 times higher than that adopted in Seveso: a different risk assessment of the presence of TCDD in the environment. The roads of Times Beach (MO) which had been sprayed with contaminated oils, were covered with a layer of asphalt to avoid contact with a contaminations of 300 ppb. Times Beach was (gradually) evacuated after the river had flooded the area and some analyses had shown the intensity of TCDD contamination. In 1982 and in 1984/85, during the Seveso reclaiming, the “B” zone was also re-checked — this area has a contamination between 5 and 50 μg/m2 — and confirmation of the unequal trend of the contamination was obtained, as tough the cloud had “bounced” on the land various times, leaving a toxic print less and less marked every time. Among such contaminated spots, the cloud left lower levels of TCDD (see the tridimensional representation). Therefore it was necessary to carry out a more detailed “risk assessment” than the one initially carried out 9 years before during the emergency period, taking into account the population at risk (approx. 6000 people) residing in the “B” zone. In the document elaborated by the participants to the sub-committee of the “Cimmino” Committee for Seveso, organized by the Special office of the Lombardy Region and by I.S.S., in the meeting held in Milan on 26–30/03/84, it was shown that a daily ingestion of TCDD of 0.280 pg/Kg of body weight, increases the risk of cancer by 1/100.000, if we consider for the calculation, the effects observed on the liver of female rats. In fact the liver of female rats were considered to be the most sensitive organ to the toxic compound. Moreover, it was assumed that the correlation between the risk of cancer and the dose of TCDD is linear. So, 0.028 pg/Kg-body weight per day reduce the risk to 1*10−6, while 2.8 pg/Kg increase it to 1*10−4 and so on. The contamination of Zone “B” was schematically assumed as follows: for 80% of its extension: 1.5 μg/m2=12 ppt of TCDD in the soil. The remaining 20% with 10 times higher contamination. The means of exposure considered are: On the basis of a series of hypotheses, which were only partially verified, the following table may be obtained, assuming that total risk is given by the sum of the single exposure risks. We owe Prof. Schlatter of the Swiss Federal Institute of Toxicology, a clear presentation of “Risk Assessment” by 2,3,7,8 TCDD at “Dioxin 85” held at the Bayreuth University in the fall of that year. Having examined the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake), set in 1–10 pg/Kg-body weight per day, Prof. Schlatter lists the results of the latest researches of his Institute: The population of the industrial areas, where the fumes and ashes of the municipal waste incinerators fall, assume 16 pg/Kg-body weight per day of toxic equivalent dioxins, i.e. of the 12 isomers having toxicity equalized to that of 2,3,7,8 TCDD. In view of the above, the proposed limit for ADI is largely exceded and it is necessary to examine the problems, staring from the effects on the health of the populations exposed to low level contamination for a long period of time (chronic exposure). The only symptoms encountered in Seveso are those of Chloracne, which appear only in doses of many ng/Kg-body weight per day. In view of the above, Prof. Schlatter concludes that the exposure of the population on industrial areas to this class of toxic compounds (as evaluated on the basis of the amount present in the adipose tissues) is at least 100 times lower than the critical limit (at which Chloracne appears). Even though ADI has been widely exceeded by reality, concludes Prof. Schlatter, the final aim must not be forgotten. The intake of dioxins must be reduced below the fixed limit of 1–10 pg/Kg-body weight per day and there is still a long way to go to reach such results." @default.
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• W276757366 date "2006-03-02" @default.
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• W276757366 title "A Brief History of Risk Assessment and Management After the Seveso Accident" @default.
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• W276757366 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2243-3_31" @default.
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