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• W2767981733 abstract "Taj Heritage Corridor: Intersections between History and Culture on the Yamuna Riverfront Terence Harkness and Amita Sinha Present-day Agra’s fame rests entirely upon the presence of the Taj Mahal. However, the city is also home to a rich collection of lesser-known and seldom-visited Mughal monuments, many of which are situated on the Yamuna riverfront within a relatively short distance of each other. How this riverfront landscape became the locus of such an astounding cultural heritage is a story that is rarely presented to those who visit the area to see the mag- nificent Taj. Yet, given the high volume of international and domestic tourism focused on the Taj and the Indian government’s interest in expanding this to include other nearby heritage sites, close examination of this landscape and the dynamics of its contemporary use is essential to future preservation efforts. Historically, the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Yamuna riverfront in Agra was the private landscape of royalty and nobility, constituted by pleasure, palace, and tomb gardens lining both banks. Vision and move- ment within the gardens were carefully controlled for an orchestrated experience of the river. However, over the next four hundred years, as the Mughal dynasty declined and was replaced by British colonial rule and the modern Indian state, the historic riverfront gardens gave way to a vernacular landscape of farm fields, orchards and nurseries, with shrines and temples at the river’s edge. Today, of the forty-four gardens shown on an eighteenth-century map in Sawai Jai Singh Museum in Jaipur, only five remain. These are the modified gardens of the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Itmad-ud-daulah’s tomb, Chini Ka Rauza, and Ram Bagh. In addition, Mahtab Bagh, the pleasure garden opposite the Taj Mahal, was excavated in 1996 by the Smithsonian Institution and the Archaeological Survey of India, and efforts are underway to restore it. Amid growing concern that environmental pollution from the modern town of Agra had the potential of harm- ing the world’s most beautiful mausoleum, in 1994 the Supreme Court of India ordered the shutdown of polluting industries there, regulated development within 500 meters of heritage structures (including a 100-m. no-build zone), and asked the Ministry of Environment and Forests to plant a greenbelt around the Taj Mahal. In its Agra Heri- tage Project report in the same year, the U.S. National Park Service also outlined the concept of a Taj National Park on the eastern bank of the Yamuna river, across from the Taj, which would encompass the remains of Mahtab Bagh and farmland occupied by three hamlets. More recently, in 2003, the state government of Uttar Pradesh began implementing its own plans for a Taj Heritage Corridor, which it envisaged as reclaiming land from the river between the Taj Mahal and Agra Fort for new shops and an amusement complex. However, this was done without conducting an environmental assessment or making the plan public, and the media raised a mas- sive hue and cry, causing the project to be stalled and an inquiry ordered. 1 This project eventually proved extremely controversial, raising fears of excessive commercialization, blocked views of the Taj from Agra Fort, and flooding of Mahtab Bagh. Though the extensive media coverage of that debacle has succeeded in raising public awareness, it has not included constructive debate on the possible course of action that would make the riverfront accessible to both citizens of Agra and tourists and create an appropriate greenbelt around the Taj. The Historic Yamuna Riverfront The Yamuna riverfront in Agra was first described in the memoirs of the founder of the Mughal dynasty on the Indian subcontinent, Babur, who had spent his life in Central Asia and Afghanistan before conquering Northern India in 1526 CE. Disliking the heat and dust of the plains of North India, he created garden enclaves for himself that were a refuge from the chaos and disorder of the surround- ing landscape. His nostalgia for Kabul and the many gar- dens he had built there to enjoy a prospect, take advantage of a running stream, and sloping terrain, was a powerful enough reminder for him to search for sites in Hindustan where he could retreat from a culture and populace he did not understand or appreciate and a climate he found intol- erable. 2 Residing in Agra, he chose to build gardens on the eastern bank of the Yamuna river, across from the Lodhi citadel on the opposite bank. Though there are no extant gardens or buildings of his time in Agra, Ram Bagh gives us a clue to what a pleasure garden of Babur would have been like — terraced four- square garden plots, rising in levels to an elevated water- front. Channels and tanks with island platforms brought water into the garden, while the river views and cooling breezes were enjoyed from the waterfront terrace. Vegeta- tion and water were both tamed into rich formal patterns, creating an ordered landscape that Babur felt home in. His favorite was Bagh-I-Zar-Afshan, named after a river in Ferghana, Uzbekistan, where he had spent his childhood. More than one garden was built by Babur and his noble- men on the east bank, causing it to be popularly known as “Kabul,” which pleased him, pining as he was for the deli- cious fruits, salubrious climate, and mountainous terrain of Afghanistan. Babur was temporarily buried in one of the gardens before his remains were transferred to a garden site in Kabul nearly a decade after his death. Harkness and Sinha / Taj Heritage Corridor" @default.
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• W2767981733 date "2004-07-01" @default.
• W2767981733 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2767981733 title "Taj Heritage Corridor: Intersections between History and Culture on the Yamuna Riverfront [Places / Projects]" @default.
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