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- W2768209400 abstract "~onparaxial effects o? optical ima.ging are considered. It is shown that the dominant effect is on the axial variation m .the cO?lplex amI?htude, affectmg most strongly depth of focus, interference microscopy, and the imaging of obJe~ts .wlth appreciable depth. A so-called pseudoparaxial approximation is introduced, which gives reasonable predlCtIon of these effects up to quite large angular apertures. apodization effect. The importance of the vectorial nature was investigated by Sheppard,5 who showed that the focus ing effect of a grazing-incidence mirror is expected to differ greatly from that of a near-normal-incidence mirror. The apodization effect, which results in the focal distribution of apodized lens systems and paraboloidal mirrors differing from that of each other as well as from that of an angular spectrum of uniform strength, has also been discussed. 6 Barakat and Lev 7 have considered incoherent imaging in the focal plane for the case when the vectorial nature is neglect ed but the other two factors are retained. The level of complication in including vectorial effects is much greater, owing to the difficulty in dealing adequately with the inter action with the specimen, which is properly a problem of electromagnetic theory. Richards 1 found that the axial intensity for the vectorial theory departed greatly from the paraxial prediction. Par ticularly, the central peak was found to be nearly twice as sharp as in the paraxial case. This was also shown to be so for a paraboloidal mirror ,6 in which case the axial intensity is in fact exactly as in the paraxial theory but scaled by a factor of 2. This large discrepancy can be overcome by a simple redefinition of the optical coordinates. The electrical field at the point r, x, Z (Fig. 1) in the focal region for a plane polarized wave incident upon an aplanatic system can be shown, using the same method as Richards and Wolf, 2 to be" @default.
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- W2768209400 date "1993-07-26" @default.
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- W2768209400 title "Imaging in high aperture optical systems" @default.
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- W2768209400 doi "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2308495" @default.
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