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• W2768645327 endingPage "303" @default.
• W2768645327 startingPage "257" @default.
• W2768645327 abstract "Vitamin D is one of the major regulators of calcium homeostasis in the body and is critically important for normal mineralization of bone. The active hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], is produced by sequential hydroxylations of vitamin D in the liver (25- hydroxylation) and the kidney (1-hydroxylation). 1,25(OH)2D, acting through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), acts by a genomic mechanism identical to the classical steroid hormones to regulate target gene transcription. In the past decade, it has become increasing clear that vitamin D has many additional functions that implicate the hormone in a wide array of actions relating to bone formation as well as to other areas unrelated to bone or mineral metabolism, including anti-proliferative, pro-differentiating, and immune–suppressive activities. This chapter describes the basic biology of vitamin D, including its metabolism, physiology, mechanism of action, and its diverse functions in the body, including those actions that relate to mineral metabolism as well as the newer actions. Several potential mechanisms have been put forward to implicate vitamin D in the development of osteoporosis. First, the possibility that polymorphisms within the gene encoding the VDR contribute substantially to genetic differences in osteoporosis risk has been raised. The basis for this genetic effect on osteoporosis risk is presumably as a hereditary factor affecting “peak bone mass,” but the mechanism is unknown. The second mechanism proposed is an age-related decline in renal 1,25(OH)2D production, due in part to a diminished renal response to PTH and reduced intestinal calcium absorption. There appears to be a defect in the renal response to PTH so that older women with osteoporosis require greater amounts of PTH to stimulate 1,25(OH)2D production. Third, a relative decrease in circulating 1,25(OH)2D has been considered a contributing factor in the development of senile osteoporosis. A low vitamin D state from an inadequate diet and decreased exposure to sunlight as people age, especially in the house-bound elderly, contribute to malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D “insufficiency” in the elderly." @default.
• W2768645327 created "2017-12-04" @default.
• W2768645327 creator A5036496348 @default.
• W2768645327 creator A5036786422 @default.
• W2768645327 creator A5060455909 @default.
• W2768645327 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W2768645327 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2768645327 title "Vitamin D" @default.
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