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• W2769969887 abstract "Obesity and depression are widely spread conditions and leading causes of burden of disease worldwide. Both conditions often cooccur, leading to the question whether they are somehow related. Several studies, both cross-sectional and longitudinal, confirmed an association, being stronger for major depression disorder (MDD) as a clinical diagnosis, when compared with the presence of depressive symptoms alone. The distinction between MDD and depressive symptomatology is important as the (pharmacologic) treatment may differ, which may influence the association between MDD and obesity. Several pathways are attributable for the association: biologic, behavioral, psychologic, and pharmacologic pathways. Biologic mechanisms include (1) dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), leading to changes in cortisol levels and affecting mood and lipid metabolism; (2) an increased inflammatory state, often found in obesity, which is associated with depression; (3) increased (micro) angiopathic effects, due to hyperglycemia often present in obesity, which may affect cerebral functioning, thus leading to depression; and (4) the activation of the autonomous nervous system, leading to changes in lipid metabolism and storage. Behaviors, such as sedentary lifestyle and disturbed eating patterns, contribute to obesity, often leading to physical complaints, which increase the risk for depression. Psychologic factors such as low self-esteem and experienced body dissatisfaction, may also increase the risk for depression. In addition, pharmacologic treatment, such as the use of tricyclic antidepressants, as well as more commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and mirtazapine, can induce weight gain. In summary, the association between MDD and obesity is clear. Its nature, however, is multifaceted." @default.
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• W2769969887 date "2018-01-01" @default.
• W2769969887 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2769969887 title "Obesity and Depression" @default.
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• W2769969887 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-48559-3.00016-6" @default.
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