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• W2771483104 abstract "There are currently nearly 44 million Alzheimer’s disease patients and 10 million Parkinson’s disease patients worldwide, and 3000 Huntington’s disease patients in the Americas. Current diagnostic methods rely heavily on symptoms or autopsy results, thus overlooking early diagnosis, the only opportunity for ameliorating these diseases. Appropriately selected and used biomarker diagnostics provide a method for early diagnosis. Techniques such as immunoassays, the xMAP assay, microarrays, and PCR are used to detect biochemical diagnostic markers or genetic diagnostic markers. These techniques have enormous potential for POC diagnostic device development. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases are highly prevalent and immensely destructive to the health and well-being of individuals and their families across the globe. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the gradual loss of neural tissue in the central nervous system. Clearly, early diagnosis of the onset of neurodegeneration is vital and beneficial. Current diagnostic methods rely heavily on symptoms or autopsy results, thus overlooking early diagnosis, the only opportunity for amelioration. However, appropriately selected and used biomarker diagnostics provide a solution. This article reviews the development and application of biomarker-related diagnostics for neurodegenerative disease with specific recommendations for point-of-care (POC) methodology. These advantageous approaches may offer a solution to existing obstacles and limitations to neurodegenerative disease treatment. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases are highly prevalent and immensely destructive to the health and well-being of individuals and their families across the globe. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the gradual loss of neural tissue in the central nervous system. Clearly, early diagnosis of the onset of neurodegeneration is vital and beneficial. Current diagnostic methods rely heavily on symptoms or autopsy results, thus overlooking early diagnosis, the only opportunity for amelioration. However, appropriately selected and used biomarker diagnostics provide a solution. This article reviews the development and application of biomarker-related diagnostics for neurodegenerative disease with specific recommendations for point-of-care (POC) methodology. These advantageous approaches may offer a solution to existing obstacles and limitations to neurodegenerative disease treatment. the main neuropathologic changes of AD are extracellular plaques composed of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau proteins. Aβ is produced by cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is important in neuronal growth and repair. Patients with AD display increased proteolytic processes that cut APP into smaller fragments including or Aβ. Aβ aggregates form senile plaques which are highly related to neuronal degeneration. Tau protein, the second protein involved in pathogenesis of AD, is a microtubule-associated protein. Tau proteins in AD patients become significantly hyperphosphorylated and aggregate as neurofibrillary tangles within the neuronal cytoplasm, leading to dysfunction of microtubules, breakdown of the cytoskeleton, and finally the collapse of transport system. Biomarkers of AD include, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide 1–42 (Aβ42), total tau protein, and phosphorylated tau; in serum, the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 has been found to decrease in AD patients but disassociates from CSF Aβ level. HD is caused by an increased number of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in the HTT gene which encodes the protein huntingtin (HTT). HTT participates in vesicle transcription, transcriptional regulation, and cell signaling. Expansion of CAG repeats leads to aggregation of mutated HTT (mHTT), which is toxic to brain cells, resulting in the clinical symptoms of HD. In the CSF, increased mHTT and total tau level has been shown in HD patients. Neurofilament light (NFL) and inflammatory factor YKL-40 are additional biomarker. In serum, HD patients showed increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers including IL-6, MMP-9, VEGF, IL-1β, IL-8, and TGF-β1. By contrast, decreased levels of IL-18 and C-reactive protein have been found in the early stages of the disease in HD patients. the main pathological characteristics of PD are neuronal death in the substantia nigra pars compacta and accumulations of α-synuclein proteins (α-syn) that form Lewy bodies in neurons. Gradual loss of neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta causes dopamine deficiency, thus disrupting connections between the thalamus and motor cortex, and finally leading to symptoms of PD. Biomarkers of PD include, in the CSF, α-syn species – total α-syn, oligomeric, and phosphorylated α-syn. The levels of oligomeric and phosphorylated α-syn are found to increase in PD patients. Other potential biomarkers such as Aβ42, total tau protein, and phosphorylated tau have also been explored for PD diagnosis. In addition, oxidative stress is crucial to the pathophysiology of PD. DJ-1 protein, which is related to oxidative stress, has been examined as a potential biomarker. In serum, α-syn and phosphorylated α-syn may be valuable biomarkers. Individuals with PD show reduced α-syn oligomer levels." @default.
• W2771483104 created "2017-12-22" @default.
• W2771483104 creator A5013491696 @default.
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• W2771483104 creator A5070443043 @default.
• W2771483104 date "2018-03-01" @default.
• W2771483104 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2771483104 title "Point-of-Care Devices Using Disease Biomarkers To Diagnose Neurodegenerative Disorders" @default.
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